Biodiversity, plant pathogens and conservation

Ingram, John R.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.1999.00361.x

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…It is estimated that only 5% of plant fungal pathogens are well understood and characterized (Ingram 1999). Even when considering a relatively well‐studied pathogen such as Diplodia , it is difficult to obtain robust estimates of the parameters governing its epidemiology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of plant pathogens on tree recruitment in the Western Amazon under a projected future climate: a dynamical systems analysis

et al. 2010

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Summary1. Climate change predictions in the Amazon have largely focused on carbon-water relations, while the impacts of increased air temperature and reduced precipitation on host-pathogen relationships have not been extensively explored. These relationships are known to affect recruitment of many Amazonian plant species. 2. Host-pathogen relationships are well suited to a dynamical analysis of the effects of climate change due to the direct linkages between pathogen behaviour and abiotic factors such as temperature and rainfall. 3. Seedlings of the palm Iriartea deltoidea experience significant mortality due to infection by the fungus Diplodia mutila. This host-pathogen interaction was examined by combining a semi-analytical model with field data illustrating the temperature sensitivity of D. mutila reproductive rates and I. deltoidea seedling mortality in response to infection. 4. The data-model combination shows that projected climatic shifts in rainfall and temperature for the Amazon region will tend to reduce recruitment by altering pathogen activity and reducing palm fecundity. The magnitude of the reduction is sensitive to the details of the epidemiology of the D. mutila-I. deltoidea host-pathogen system, and ranges from 10% to 56% under plausible scenarios. 5. Although considerable uncertainty remains, the proposed model provides a blueprint for research on one aspect of ecosystem change in future climate models. 6. Synthesis. The study illustrates the potential for ecosystem responses to climate change, which can be investigated through tractable models simple enough to assimilate into climate modelling frameworks. Particular environmental sensitivities in fungal dynamics are identified. The implications of combined plant physiological stress and enhanced pathogenic activity under future climate scenarios are highlighted as critical issues for projecting forest response.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of plant pathogens on tree recruitment in the Western Amazon under a projected future climate: a dynamical systems analysis

et al. 2010

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“…With their ex or in situ conservation activities, botanical gardens are living warehouses of biological diversity (Mistretta et al 1991;Melzheimer 1996;Ingram 1999). They show a wide range of number of species in their living collections (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns observed in natural ecosystems?

Pautasso

Parmentier

2007

Bot. Helv.

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Botanical gardens aim to promote the awareness, study and conservation of plant species diversity, but little is known about the species diversity of botanical gardens themselves. We therefore investigated whether the species richness of the worlds botanical gardens is related to their size, age and geographical location by compiling data from gardens in 124 different countries. The data show that even in these highly managed ecosystems, species richness can be described in terms of a relatively small number of large-scale patterns. As with most natural ecosystems, there were positive species-area and species-age relationships. There was also a positive latitudinal gradient in species richness, which contrasts with the trend observed in natural ecosystems. This discrepancy may be due to the use of heated greenhouses at high latitudes, the rarity of old botanical gardens in the tropics, and the problem of poverty in developing countries, where most hotspots of plant biodiversity are located. There is thus a need to allocate more funds to botanical gardens in species-rich regions. This study also calls for an increase in the coordination of data management between botanical gardens.

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“…A network approach seems sensible also in relation to botanical gardens, which acted historically as hubs in the introduction of plants outside their natural geographic range (e.g. Mamaev & Andreev, 1996; Ingram, 1999; He, 2002). It remains true that understanding the network, especially its topology, is useful in devising effective disease management policies even if there is probably no single immunization strategy that can be effective for all types of scale‐free networks (Volchenkov et al ., 2002).…”

Section: Potential Implications For Plant and Forest Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences

et al. 2007

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SummaryNetworks are ubiquitous in natural, technological and social systems. They are of increasing relevance for improved understanding and control of infectious diseases of plants, animals and humans, given the interconnectedness of today's world. Recent modelling work on disease development in complex networks shows: the relative rapidity of pathogen spread in scale-free compared with random networks, unless there is high local clustering; the theoretical absence of an epidemic threshold in scale-free networks of infinite size, which implies that diseases with low infection rates can spread in them, but the emergence of a threshold when realistic features are added to networks (e.g. finite size, household structure or deactivation of links); and the influence on epidemic dynamics of asymmetrical interactions. Models suggest that control of pathogens spreading in scale-free networks should focus on highly connected individuals rather than on mass random immunization. A growing number of empirical applications of network theory in human medicine and animal disease ecology confirm the potential of the approach, and suggest that network thinking could also benefit plant epidemiology and forest pathology, particularly in human-modified pathosystems linked by commercial transport of plant and disease propagules. Potential consequences for the study and management of plant and tree diseases are discussed. Key words: complex networks, disease management, epiphytotics, landscape pathology, network structure, plant pathogens, small-world, spatial dispersal. IntroductionMuch scientific work is currently focusing on the properties of networks (see Barabási & Albert, 1999;Newman, 2003; papers cited therein). From a physical point of view, networks may involve transport of energy, matter or information. From a mathematical standpoint, networks are sets of elements and of the relations between them. From both perspectives, networks are models applicable to a wide variety of natural, technological and social systems (e.g. Strogatz, 2001; Albert & Barabási, 2002; Table 1). Networks can be of interest to plant scientists when they are formed by a physical structure, when they refer to abstract relationships between connected entities (e.g. different species), and when they underline processes or flows in a structure. Network types (SF, scale-free; SW, small-world; V, various types; N, none of the previous types) are assigned on the basis of the references provided and do not rule out the possibility that other studies of networks of a similar nature may suggest a different structure. For other references the reader is referred to reviews by, for example, Albert & Barabási (2002), Dorogovtsev & Mendes (2002) andNewman (2003). Network theory (e.g. Bollobás, 1979; Chartrand, 1985; Chen, 1997) has many practical biological applications in plant sciences, for example biochemical networks (Aloy & Russell, 2004; Arita, 2005; De Silva & Stumpf, 2005; Green & Sadedin, 2005;Proulx et al ., 2005;Sweetlove & Fernie, 2005;Uhrig, 20...

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Biodiversity, plant pathogens and conservation

Cited by 37 publications

References 36 publications

The effects of plant pathogens on tree recruitment in the Western Amazon under a projected future climate: a dynamical systems analysis

The effects of plant pathogens on tree recruitment in the Western Amazon under a projected future climate: a dynamical systems analysis

Are the living collections of the world’s botanical gardens following species-richness patterns observed in natural ecosystems?

Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences

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