“…Thus, it represents another important physiological tool affected by different stressors, such as high ammonia concentrations (Marazza, Bornens & Le Gal, 1996), hypoxia (Abe, Hirai & Okada, 2007), pH levels (Wang, Wang, Chen, Liu & Sun, 2002), escape response (Robles-Romo, Zenteno-Savín & Racotta, 2016) and exposure to white spot syndrome virus (Apún-Molina et al, 2017). A decreased level of arginine phosphate (Arg-P), an immediate source of energy for tissues, was also detected in several crustaceans under conditions of acute stress (Abe et al, 2007; Robles- Romo et al, 2016). One of the adverse effects of chronic stress, such as high density, is a decreased ability to cope with a subsequent second (generally acute) stressor.…”