Bioengineered Small-Diameter Vascular Xenografts as an Alternative to Autologous Vascular Grafting for Emergency Revascularization – a Preliminary Study

Abstract

Background Autologous vascular arterial or venous graft are not available in 10-40% of patients, due to vascular pathologies, and the utility of decellularized biological scaffolds would be a solution for those cases. The purpose of this research was to obtain a functional acellular xenograft, prior to in-vivo testing as a vascular graft in an experimental animal. Materials and method Two batches of carotid vasculo-nervous bundles were collected from porcine models from a local slaughterhouse. The arterial grafts were dissected and isolated, obtaining carotid arteries with a caliber of 5–6 mm and a length of approximately 10–12 cm. Two decellularization protocols were used, immersion (n = 10) and perfusion (n = 9). The resulting grafts underwent histological examination, DNA analysis, electrophoresis and spectrophotometry. Results Due to severe tissue damage and friability, the batch that was decellularized using perfusion was not examined. The histological examination of grafts stained with hematoxylin-eosin and DAPI highlighted the absence of nuclei. Spectrophotometry revealed a 90% decellularization, and electrophoresis of revealed the migration band of the material extracted from the fresh tissue, as well as the absence of migration bands in the case of the material extracted from decellularized tissues. Conclusion We successfully used the immersion protocol to obtain a functional acellular vascular graft, in contrast to perfusion decellularization, where intraluminal high pressures damage the extracellular matrix.