Biofabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles With Syzygium aromaticum Flower Buds Extract and Finding Its Novel Application in Controlling the Growth and Mycotoxins of Fusarium graminearum

Abstract

Fusarium graminearum is a leading plant pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight, stalk rot, and Gibberella ear rot diseases in cereals and posing the immense threat to the microbiological safety of the food. Herein, we report the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum (SaZnO NPs) flower bud extract by combustion method and investigated their application for controlling of growth and mycotoxins of F. graminearum . Formation of SaZnO NPs was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. The electron microscopic (SEM and TEM) analysis revealed the formation of triangular and hexagonal shaped SaZnO NPs with size range 30–40 nm. The synthesized SaZnO NPs reduced the growth and production of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone of F. graminearum in broth culture. Further analysis revealed that treatment of mycelia with SaZnO NPs resulted in the accumulation of ROS in the dose-dependent manner. Also, SaZnO NPs treatment enhanced lipid peroxidation, depleted ergosterol content, and caused detrimental damage to the membrane integrity of fungi. Moreover, SEM observations revealed that the presence of diverged micro-morphology (wrinkled, rough and shrank surface) in the macroconidia treated with SaZnO NPs. Taken together, SaZnO NPs may find a potential application in agriculture and food industries due to their potent antifungal activity.

Green-Synthesization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Garlic and Its Antifungal Activity against Wheat Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

“…This fungal pathogen is also able to infect other cereal crops such as rice, barley, and maize [1][2][3]. In China, this pathogen has not only resulted in a heavy loss of more than 3.41 million tons in wheat during 2000-2018 [4,5], it has also been able to produce some mycotoxins in infected wheat grains that pose a serious threat to the safety and health of humans and animals [6][7][8]. Nowadays, chemical fungicides are used as the main strategy to protect wheat from this fungal infection.…”

Flower-Based Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications beyond Fragrance

“…The solution was poured into a China dish and stirred for 5-10 min at a constant temperature of 400± 10 • C in a muffle furnace for 4 min to complete the entire combustion process. The synthesized SaZnO NPs of an off-white color were obtained as the final product [105]. An aqueous flower extract of Piliostigma thonningii was also used in the synthesis of iron nanoparticles by reacting the flower extract with a ferrous chloride solution.…”

Therapies and Vaccines Based on Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections

“…Inorganic solvents used in the chemical reduction are highly toxic, including citrate, borohydride, thioglycerol, and 2-mercaptoethanol (Zhang X.-F. et al, 2016 ). The biological synthesis of NPs can significantly reduce the risk of producing toxic compounds by employing plant extracts, or bacterial and fungal metabolites with antimicrobial potential, acting as reducing agents, and/or stabilizers of NPs (Ahmed et al, 2018 ; Lakshmeesha et al, 2019 ). In addition to developing NPs appropriate for medical application, the nanoformulation is also essential since the efficacy of biological activity and cytotoxicity depends on the physicochemical properties exhibited by NPs, such as size, shape, surface area, solubility, aggregation, composition with coating reactivity of particles in solution, ion release efficiency, and type of the reducing agent used in the synthetic process (Carlson et al, 2008 ; Murdock et al, 2008 ; Lin et al, 2014 ).…”