Biofilm and wound healing: from bench to bedside

Abstract

The bubbling community of microorganisms, consisting of diverse colonies encased in a self-produced protective matrix and playing an essential role in the persistence of infection and antimicrobial resistance, is often referred to as a biofilm. Although apparently indolent, the biofilm involves not only inanimate surfaces but also living tissue, making it truly ubiquitous. The mechanism of biofilm formation, its growth, and the development of resistance are ever-intriguing subjects and are yet to be completely deciphered. Although an abundance of studies in recent years has focused on the various ways to create potential anti-biofilm and antimicrobial therapeutics, a dearth of a clear standard of clinical practice remains, and therefore, there is essentially a need for translating laboratory research to novel bedside anti-biofilm strategies that can provide a better clinical outcome. Of significance, biofilm is responsible for faulty wound healing and wound chronicity. The experimental studies report the prevalence of biofilm in chronic wounds anywhere between 20 and 100%, which makes it a topic of significant concern in wound healing. The ongoing scientific endeavor to comprehensively understand the mechanism of biofilm interaction with wounds and generate standardized anti-biofilm measures which are reproducible in the clinical setting is the challenge of the hour. In this context of “more needs to be done”, we aim to explore various effective and clinically meaningful methods currently available for biofilm management and how these tools can be translated into safe clinical practice.

Xanthone Derivatives Enhance the Therapeutic Potential of Neomycin against Polymicrobial Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections

“…In addition, polymicrobial wound infections are challenging to manage as they require high doses of antimicrobial agents . Moreover, bacterial colonization on a wound elicits chronic inflammation, impedes angiogenesis, retards the healing process, and may even facilitate the production of biofilms . This phenomenon facilitates the rapid growth of microbes and hinders the efficacy of available topical ointments …”

“…48 Moreover, bacterial colonization on a wound elicits chronic inflammation, impedes angiogenesis, retards the healing process, and may even facilitate the production of biofilms. 49 This phenomenon facilitates the rapid growth of microbes and hinders the efficacy of available topical ointments. 50 We evaluated the antibacterial properties of NEO, X8, and the combination of NEO and X8 against a murine wound infection model, where circular wounds on BALB/c male mice were infected with E. coli.…”

Evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of diabetic foot ulcer management by wound care specialists in Indonesia

“…Other factors that can affect wound healing include nutritional state, type of diabetic wound and biofilm conditions, which were not investigated in our study. 54,55 Both types of wound care services continue to incur costs below WTP. Although the average monthly cost of goods and services in Indonesia is 2,777,870 IDR, wound care remains expensive for Indonesians.…”

The Formulation and Characterization of Wound Dressing Releasing S-Nitrosoglutathione from Polyvinyl Alcohol/Borax Reinforced Carboxymethyl Chitosan Self-Healing Hydrogel

“…As the wound healing process progresses, the pH value gradually decreases from alkaline to neutral and eventually becomes acidic. Therefore, pH is a critical parameter that significantly affects the likelihood of successful wound healing [ 42 , 43 , 44 ]. The pH measurements of the self-healing hydrogel ( Table 2 ) indicate that both the PVA-B-CmChi and PVA-B-CmChi/GSNO preparations have a neutral pH value.…”