Biofilm formation by<i><i>Clostridium difficile</i></i>

Đapa, Tanja; Unnikrishnan, Meera

doi:10.4161/gmic.25862

Cited by 83 publications

(99 citation statements)

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“…The ability of C. difficile to form biofilms has been initially demonstrated in relation to other intestinal species (71). In vitro biofilm formation by two clinical C. difficile strains has also been recently described (31,72). In a static microplate assay, we observed a 2-fold increase in biofilm formation capacities for strain CDIP53 compared to strain CDIP51 (Fig.…”

Section: Phenotypic Assays (I) Morphological Changes Induced By Hfq mentioning

confidence: 49%

“…Importantly, spore and biofilm formation capacities have been linked to persistence of clostridial disease (72,102). It is also worth noting that several genes affected by Hfq depletion, including cwp19 and CD1581, are also differentially expressed during in vivo C. difficile transcriptome profiling using a mouse model of infection (60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taken together with the changes in cell wall component and membrane transporter gene expression, it is tempting to speculate that Hfq depletion affects the composition of the C. difficile cell wall, resulting in part in the observed phenotypes. Biofilm formation in C. difficile appears to be a complex process, modulated by several factors including cell surface components and regulators such as Spo0A and LuxS (72). Biofilm formation could be an important factor in the infection process contributing to persistence and to the high incidence of clinical relapse (31,90).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pleiotropic Role of the RNA Chaperone Protein Hfq in the Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile

et al. 2014

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cClostridium difficile is an emergent human pathogen and the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. Our recent data strongly suggest the importance of RNA-based mechanisms for the control of gene expression in C. difficile. In an effort to understand the function of the RNA chaperone protein Hfq, we constructed and characterized an Hfq-depleted strain in C. difficile. Hfq depletion led to a growth defect, morphological changes, an increased sensitivity to stresses, and a better ability to sporulate and to form biofilms. The transcriptome analysis revealed pleiotropic effects of Hfq depletion on gene expression in C. difficile, including genes encoding proteins involved in sporulation, stress response, metabolic pathways, cell wall-associated proteins, transporters, and transcriptional regulators and genes of unknown function. Remarkably, a great number of genes of the regulon dependent on sporulation-specific sigma factor, SigK, were upregulated in the Hfq-depleted strain. The altered accumulation of several sRNAs and interaction of Hfq with selected sRNAs suggest potential involvement of Hfq in these regulatory RNA functions. Altogether, these results suggest the pleiotropic role of Hfq protein in C. difficile physiology, including processes important for the C. difficile infection cycle, and expand our knowledge of Hfq-dependent regulation in Gram-positive bacteria.

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Section: Phenotypic Assays (I) Morphological Changes Induced By Hfq mentioning

confidence: 49%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pleiotropic Role of the RNA Chaperone Protein Hfq in the Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile

et al. 2014

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“…Biofilm formation by C. difficile was first reported in 2012 and has since then been demonstrated with a few strains of the organism [7–10]. Evidence from some studies indicate that amount of biofilm formed by C. difficile varies from strain to strain [4, 5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilm formation of Clostridium difficile and susceptibility to Manuka Honey

Hammond

Donkor

Brown

2014

BMC Complement Altern Med

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BackgroundBiofilm bacteria are relatively more resistant to antibiotics. The escalating trend of antibiotic resistance higlights the need for evaluating alternative potential therapeutic agents with antibacterial properties. The use of honey for treating microbial infections dates back to ancient times, though antimicrobial properties of Manuka honey was discovered recently. The aim of this study was to demonstrate biofilm formation of specific Clostridium difficile strains and evaluate susceptibility of the biofilm to Manuka honey.MethodsThree C. difficile strains were used in the study including the ATCC 9689 strain, a ribotype 027 strain and a ribotype 106 strain. Each test strain was grown in sterile microtitre plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 and 48 hours in an anaerobic cabinet to allow formation of adherent growth (biofilm) on the walls of the wells. The effect of Manuka honey on the biofilms formed was investigated at varying concentrations of 1-50% (w/v) of Manuka honey.ResultsThe three C. difficile strains tested formed biofilms after 24 hours with the ribotype 027 strain producing the most extensive growth. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) found between the amount of biofilms formed after 24 and 48 hours of incubation for each of the three C. difficile strains. A dose–response relationship between concentration of Manuka honey and biofilm formation was observed for all the test strains, and the optimum Manuka honey activity occurred at 40-50% (v/v).ConclusionManuka honey has antibacterial properties capable of inhibiting in vitro biofilm formed by C. difficile.

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“…C. difficile is a motile bacterium, and the switch between the sessile and motile phase is regulated by the secondary messenger cyclic di-GMP [53][54][55] . C. difficile is also capable -at least in vitro -of forming robust biofilms [56][57][58] . Cell-cell signalling contributes to both colonization and virulence factor expression 59,60 .…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistance Of Clostridium Difficilementioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium difficile Infection

Wilcox¹,

Vehreschild²,

Nord³

2015

Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

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Infection of the colon with the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is potentially life threatening, especially in elderly people and in patients who have dysbiosis of the gut microbiota following antimicrobial drug exposure. C. difficile is the leading cause of health-care-associated infective diarrhoea. The life cycle of C. difficile is influenced by antimicrobial agents, the host immune system, and the host microbiota and its associated metabolites. The primary mediators of inflammation in C. difficile infection (CDI) are large clostridial toxins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), and, in some bacterial strains, the binary toxin CDT. The toxins trigger a complex cascade of host cellular responses to cause diarrhoea, inflammation and tissue necrosis -the major symptoms of CDI. The factors responsible for the epidemic of some C. difficile strains are poorly understood. Recurrent infections are common and can be debilitating. Toxin detection for diagnosis is important for accurate epidemiological study, and for optimal management and prevention strategies. Infections are commonly treated with specific antimicrobial agents, but faecal microbiota transplants have shown promise for recurrent infections. Future biotherapies for C. difficile infections are likely to involve defined combinations of key gut microbiota. Competing interests statement W.K.S. has performed research for Cubist. D.L. has performed research for Immuron and Adenium Biotech. D.B.L. has performed research for MedImmune and Merck. M.H.W. has received consulting fees from Abbott, Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Cerexa, Cubist, Durata, The European Tissue Symposium, The Medicines Company, MedImmune, Merck, Motif Biosciences, Nabriva, Optimer, Paratek, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi Pasteur, Seres Therapeutics, Summit Pharmaceuticals, and Synthetic Biologics. M.H.W. has also received lecture fees from Abbott, Alere, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Hoffmann La Roche, and received grant support from Abbott, Actelion, Astellas, bioMérieux, Cubist, Da Volterra, The European Tissue Symposium, Merck and Summit Pharmaceuticals. E.J.K. has performed research for Cubist, Novartis and Qiagen, and has participated in advisory forums of Astellas, Optimer, Actelion, Pfizer, Sanofi Pasteur and Seres Therapeutics. These companies had no role in the writing of this Primer. HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscript Nat Rev Dis Primers. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 June 01. Published in final edited form as:Nat Rev Dis Primers. ; 2: 16020. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.20. Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author ManuscriptClostridium difficile is a Gram-positive obligate anaerobic bacterium that was originally identified as part of the flora of healthy infants in 1935, described as an "actively motile, heavy-bodied rod with elongated subterminal or nearly terminal spores" (REF. 1) (FIG. 1). At that time, the strain was named Bacillus difficilis to reflect the difficulty experienced in isolating and culturing it. De...

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Biofilm formation byClostridium difficile

Cited by 83 publications

References 50 publications

Pleiotropic Role of the RNA Chaperone Protein Hfq in the Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile

Pleiotropic Role of the RNA Chaperone Protein Hfq in the Human Pathogen Clostridium difficile

Biofilm formation of Clostridium difficile and susceptibility to Manuka Honey

Clostridium difficile Infection

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