Biofuel production from crude palm oil with supercritical alcohols: Comparative LCA studies

Continuous production of biofuel from refined and used palm olein oil with supercritical methanol at a low molar ratio

“…This is because of the hydrolysis reaction during the cooking process [34]. However, these FFAs can also be esterified to produce FAMEs, thereby increasing ester yield and process efficiency, under supercritical conditions [13]. Furthermore, it should be noted that the level of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) is higher in UPO than in RPO, possibly as a result of contamination during the cooking process (e.g., by chicken fat, which contains 36.6% and 27.0% of C18:2 and C18:3, respectively [10]).…”

“…For instance, in the computer simulation SCM process base on 1.10 Â 10 5 tons of biodiesel per year, usage of high pressure steam was reduced from 9.44 Â 10 6 kJ/h to 5.07 Â 10 6 kJ/h. Furthermore, total steam consumption significantly decrease from 100.46 Â 10 6 kJ/h to 24.57 Â 10 6 kJ/h [13].…”

Advances in biofuel production from oil palm and palm oil processing wastes: A review

“…Another alternative method used was biodiesel production in supercritical alcohols as it has been found to generate only a traceable amount of waste and pure glycerol as a by-product; the details can be found elsewhere (de Boer and Bahri, 2011). Sawangkeaw et al (2012) studied another novel process with supercritical alcohols using Hysys simulations and carried out the LCA analysis. It was shown that the novel process which was carried out at higher temperature (400 C) than the previously-proposed biodiesel production in supercritical alcohols (carried out at 300 C) generated lower environmental impacts.…”

The Environmental Impacts and Allocation Methods Used in LCA Studies of Vegetable Oil-Based Bio-diesels

“…The overall environmental impact is largely a result of the production stage. Sawangkeaw et al [76] undertook LCA of bio-diesel production from supercritical alcohol C-SCA at 300°C and N-SCA at 400°C. The bio-diesel produced from C-SCA process has the highest score in the respiratory organics, climate change, radiation, ozone layer, minerals and fossil fuel and is lowest in land use.…”