Biogenic calcium carbonate derived from waste shells for advanced material applications: A review

Abstract

Biogenic calcium carbonate derived from waste shells has received significant attention in the last 2 decades as a replacement for limestone due to its contribution to reducing environmental impact by turning wastes into value-added biomaterial and moving global society toward net-zero waste. Recently, several review papers have been published regarding applying biogenic derived calcium carbonate in engineering, biomedical, electrochemical, and environmental technologies. This review stands apart from other reviews on this topic in terms of focusing and reviewing the published papers used and reported indirect methods only to obtain calcium carbonate from biogenic waste shells and not by direct methods. The direct or untreated methods include simple grinding, ball milling, or mortar and pestle techniques. In contrast, the indirect methods covered in this review paper consist of precipitation and different chemical treatment techniques. Therefore, this review paper aims to comprehensively summarize the usage of calcium carbonate derived from eggshells and seashells by indirect methods and glance at its recent development for advanced material applications including water treatment, bio-filler, and reinforcement in polymer composites, energy application, pharmaceutical, biomedical, and drug delivery applications.

Biogenic Vaterite Calcium Carbonate-Silver/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Film for Wound Dressing

“…Eggshells comprise more than 97 wt % biogenic calcium carbonates in calcite polymorph structures. 20 However, due to its cubic structure, the calcite polymorph is unsuitable as a delivery vehicle. The calcite structure of eggshell calcium carbonate with a cubical morphology may transform into a spherical vaterite polymorph structure by precipitation.…”

“…However, a more eco-friendly and sustainable way to obtain calcium carbonate powders with desirable polymorphs would be from discarded eggshells proposed in this research. Eggshells comprise more than 97 wt % biogenic calcium carbonates in calcite polymorph structures . However, due to its cubic structure, the calcite polymorph is unsuitable as a delivery vehicle.…”

Enhancement of high-performance structures with sustainable seashell filler-based GFRP composites in static loading

“…After being loaded onto epoxy resin at rates of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 weight percent, the resulting nano-eggshell particles showed considerable improvements in the storage moduli and coefficient of thermal expansion of 7%-22% and 3%-17%, respectively, according to DMA/TMA analyses. Additionally, the toughness, toughness modulus, and flexure strength all saw substantial increases of 6%-31%, 11%-37%, and 10%-36%, respectively [15,16].…”

Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata) Shells Support In Vitro Osteogenesis of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

“…Calcite is the most stable and least soluble in water and is found in a trigonal crystalline state in nature. Valerite, on the other hand, is the least stable, exists in a hexagonal crystalline form, and is present in bird eggs and many marine living organisms, such as gastropods and mollusc pearls [10]. Aragonite occurs in the orthorhombic form, commonly found in seashells (e.g., bivalves) and corals.…”

“…Furthermore, calcium carbonate is more soluble than hydroxyapatite, with a faster resorption rate. Finally, biogenic CaCO 3, derived from waste shells or invasive species such as the slipper limpet, would reduce environmental impact and be more economical than a bone graft substitute fabricated from chemicals obtained from limestone [10,17]. Although extensive research has been conducted on the bioactivity, biocompatibility, and osteoinductive properties of nacre from various species such as Hyriopsis cumingii, Arctica islandica, Pinctada Maxima, Pinctada margaritifera, Limnoperna fortunei, Anadara granosa, and pure aragonite from cuttlefish skeletons (Sepia officinalis) and corals (Porites sp.)…”