Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Anticancer Effects Pertaining to Probiotic Bacteria—A Review

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can be produced by biogenic, physical, and chemical processes. The physical and chemical processes have hazardous effects. However, biogenic synthesis (by microorganisms) is an eco-friendly and economical technique that is non-toxic to human and animal health. The mechanism for biogenic SeNPs from microorganisms is still not well understood. Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the nutritional and therapeutic applications of biogenic SeNPs. The research revealed that biogenic SeNPs are considered novel competitors in the pharmaceutical and food industries, as they have been shown to be virtually non-toxic when used in medical practice and as dietary supplements and release only trace amounts of Se ions when ingested. Various pathogenic and probiotic/nonpathogenic bacteria are used for the biogenic synthesis of SeNPs. However, in the case of biosynthesis by pathogenic bacteria, extraction and purification techniques are required for further useful applications of these biogenic SeNPs. This review focuses on the applications of SeNPs (derived from probiotic/nonpathogenic organisms) as promising anticancer agents. This review describes that SeNPs derived from probiotic/nonpathogenic organisms are considered safe for human consumption. These biogenic SeNPs reduce oxidative stress in the human body and have also been shown to be effective against breast, prostate, lung, liver, and colon cancers. This review provides helpful information on the safe use of biogenic SeNPs and their economic importance for dietary and therapeutic purposes, especially as anticancer agents.

Administration of probiotics affects Artemia franciscana metanauplii intestinal ultrastructure and offers resistance against a Photobacterium damselae ssp. piscicida induced oxidative stress response

“…The host organism, namely Artemia , responds in a different manner to each probiotic, with the increased antioxidant enzyme activity suggesting an immunostimulatory effect of probiotics. The production of different active substances by each probiotic, namely lysozyme [ 41 , 42 ], bacteriocins [39] and selenium nanoparticles [ 44 , 88 , 89 ] by B. subtilis, organic acids and bacteriocins including nisin by L. lactis [41] and organic acids, plantaricin, hydrogen peroxide, phenolic compounds, and surfactants by L. plantarum [90] might contribute to this variable effect among the probiotics employed. In fact, the addition of lysozyme significantly decreased the MDA content, and increased (SOD), activity, improving gur health in piglets [91] , plantaricin presented a synergistic action with lactic acid against A. hydrophila [92] and nisin was reported to boost growth performance and increases infection clearance rate in humans by upregulating innate and acquired immune responses [93] .…”

“…These three probiotics are all known producers of bacteriocins, which are antibacterial peptides that inhibit the growth of similar bacterial strains and present immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic activity [39] , [40] , [41] . Moreover, the production of lysozymes by B. subtilis [ 42 , 43 ] as well as the ability of the bacterium to accumulate selenium which promotes immunomodulation [44] , have also been reported. On the other hand, L. plantarum, presents tolerance to acidic pH and adhesion capacity to intestinal mucosa, excellent antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, which enable this probiotic to exert beneficial effects on the host health [45] .…”

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles in Biomedical Sciences: Properties, Current Trends, Novel Opportunities and Emerging Challenges in Theranostic Nanomedicine

“…A fuller understanding of nano–bio interactions should lead to safer and more efficacious nanotherapeutics by overcoming the physiological barriers posed by the tumor microenvironment, which will eventually facilitate the corresponding clinical developments [ 517 ]. On the other hand, green nanomaterials are currently intensively screened for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer owing to their high biocompatibility and effectiveness, among which biogenic SeNPs hold great promise [ 518 , 519 , 520 ]. Building on previously published data [ 85 ], Table 4 provides an update and indicates the anticancer activity displayed by a number of biogenic SeNPs against different cancer cell lines.…”

Identification and Functional Characterization of a Surfactant-like Protein Region in Flagellin FliC for Stabilizing Selenium Nanoparticles and Enhancing Bioavailability

“…Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. − It demonstrates one of the narrowest ranges between its toxic dose (>400 μg/day) and deficiency level of dietary intake (<40 μg/day) compared to other micronutrients . In contrast to selenium forms of selenide, selenite, and selenate, nanoscale elemental Se (SeNPs) exhibits low toxicity and high bioavailability and bioactivity. − The synthesis of SeNPs primarily occurs through chemosynthetic and biogenic methods. , However, chemosynthetic SeNPs are characterized by poor stability, while biogenic SeNPs suffer from prolonged synthesis periods and complex surface chemical environments.…”