Biogenic silver/silver chloride nanoparticles inhibit human glioblastoma stem cells growth in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cell growth in vivo

Abstract

The importance of biogenic silver/silver chloride nanoparticles has become increasing day by day. In the present study, silver/silver chloride nanoparticles (Ag/AgCl‐NPs) were synthesized from Kaempferia rotunda tuberous rhizome extract to evaluate the antiproliferative activity against human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells in vivo in mice. Synthesis of nanoparticles was confirmed by colour change and UV‐visible spectrum and characterized by TEM, XRD, TGA, AFM and FTIR. K rotunda and recently synthesized Zizyphus mauritiana fruit extract‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs inhibited 77.2% and 71% of GSCs growth at 32 µg/mL concentration with the IC50 values of 6.8 and 10.4 µg/mL, respectively. Cell morphological studies and caspase‐3 immunofluorescence assay revealed that both biogenic nanoparticles induced apoptosis in GSCs. Expression levels of several genes were checked by real‐time PCR after treatment with K rotunda tuberous rhizome‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs. PARP, EGFR, NOTCH2 and STAT3 gene expression were decreased with the increase of NFκB, TLR9, IL1, TNFα, IKK and p21 gene that would be the cause of induction of apoptosis in GSCs. The cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase was confirmed by flow cytometric assay. Both nanoparticles were injected intraperitoneally to rapidly growing EAC cells for 5 consecutive days. Approximately, 32.3% and 55% EAC cells growth were inhibited by K rotunda tuberous rhizome‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs at 6 and 12 mg/kg/day doses, respectively while only 20% cell growth inhibition was monitored at 12 mg/kg/day dose of Z mauritiana‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs. From the above results, it can be concluded that presently synthesized nanoparticles would be a potent anticancer agent.

Hypnea musciformis ‐mediated Ag/AgCl‐NPs inhibit pathogenic bacteria, HCT‐116 and MCF‐7 cells’ growth in vitro and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vivo in mice

“…XRD proved the crystalline nature of the synthesised nanoparticles and showed the peaks for Ag and AgCl. Many scientists reported similar observations [22,24,33] [34]. The peak at 2920.32 cm −1 indicated CH stretching of alkanes [30].…”

Silver Nanoparticles Inhibit Metastasis of 4T1 Tumor in Mice after Intragastric but Not Intravenous Administration

“…So far, it is difficult to draw definite conclusions from these studies given that different AgNPs formulations are used on different cancer models with different dosing and administration schemes. In particular, it should be recognized that in most of the studies involving testing of AgNPs anticancer activity in vivo, biologically synthesized, “biogenic” AgNPs are used [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 35 ]. Biological synthesis involves the use of extracts from different organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, or plants, and obtained nanoparticles are coated with proteins and compounds derived from these extracts.…”

“…This inconsistency with other reports is probably due to differences in AgNPs formulation or administration route. In in vivo studies published to date, AgNPs were administered peritumorally [ 15 , 17 ], subcutaneously [ 16 ], intraperitoneally [ 10 , 11 , 13 ], intravesically [ 9 ], or intravenously [ 14 ]. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report on anticancer AgNPs activity after intragastrical administration.…”

“…A majority of these studies are limited to in vitro models and, in most cases, report that AgNPs are cytotoxic to many cancer cell lines and inhibit their migration in vitro [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. There are fewer studies analyzing AgNPs anticancer activity in animal models, but also reveal inhibition of tumor growth in vivo [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. In vivo studies are mostly focused on tumor growth (tumor volume), whereas the AgNP effect on tumor metastatic potential is rarely studied.…”

Metal-Based Nanostructured Therapeutic Strategies for Glioblastoma Treatment—An Update

“…Additionally, an anticancer and antibacterial effect was achieved using Zizyphus mauritiana fruit or Kaempferia rotunda (a medical herb) tuberous rhizome extract-mediated silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) NPs. Usage of this nanotool against human GBM stem cells (GSCs) in vitro or Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in vivo (mice model) showed the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and reduction of the growth rate of GBM cells [ 90 ]. Other studies have further confirmed that AgNPs interfere with certain molecular pathways connected to inflammation or cellular repair processes, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, in human glial cells [ 91 ].…”