Biogenic volatile organoiodine and organobromine hydrocarbons in the Atlantic Ocean from 42°N to 72°S

Schall, Christian; Heumann, Klaus G.; Kirst, G. O.

doi:10.1007/s002160050577

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

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“…The process was repeated for all water samples, where correlations were found between the same halocarbons but with smaller R 2 (0.42 to 0.62). We found no correlations between bromocarbons, in contrast to Schall et al [1997] who showed a correlation between CHBr 3 and CH 2 Br 2 . Others have noted poor correlation between bromocarbons close to sources Liss 2000, Hughes et al 2009].…”

Section: Correlations Between Halocarbon Concentrationscontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Others have noted poor correlation between bromocarbons close to sources Liss 2000, Hughes et al 2009]. Schall et al [1997] found that bromocarbon concentrations were linked to Chl a but iodocarbons were not, but we only found a correlation between Chl a and CH 2 ICl. One difficulty is that Chl a is not necessarily a reliable indication of total biomass as different species fluoresce by different amounts, and halocarbon production is also species dependent.…”

Section: Correlations Between Halocarbon Concentrationscontrasting

confidence: 46%

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Halocarbons associated with Arctic sea ice

Atkinson¹,

Hughes²,

Shaw³

et al. 2014

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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Halocarbons associated with Arctic sea ice, Deep-Sea Research I, http://dx.doi.org/10. 1016/j.dsr.2014.05.012 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Abstract Short-lived halocarbons were measured in Arctic sea-ice brine, seawater and air above the Greenland and Norwegian seas (∼81°N, 2 to 5°E) in mid-summer, from a melting ice floe at the edge of the ice pack. In the ice floe, concentrations of C 2 H 5 I, 2-C 3 H 7 I and CH 2 Br 2 showed significant enhancement in the sea ice brine, of average factors of 1.7, 1.4 and 2.5 times respectively, compared to the water underneath and after normalising to brine volume. Concentrations of mono-iodocarbons in air are the highest ever reported, and our calculations suggest increased fluxes of halocarbons to the atmosphere may result from their sea-ice enhancement. Some halocarbons were also measured in ice of the sub-Arctic in Hudson Bay (∼55°N, 77°W) in early spring, ice that was thicker, colder and less porous than the Arctic ice in summer, and in which the halocarbons were concentrated to values over 10 times larger than in the Arctic ice when normalised to brine volume. Concentrations in the Arctic ice were similar to those in Antarctic sea ice that was similarly warm and porous. As climate warms and Arctic sea ice becomes more like that of the Antarctic, our results lead us to expect the production of iodocarbons and so of reactive iodine gases to increase. IntroductionThere has been much speculation about sources of reactive halogens in the polar troposphere. The presence of high concentrations of both iodine and bromine monoxide (IO and BrO) over Antarctica and its sea ice [Saiz-Lopez et al. 2007, Schoenhardt et al. 2008 suggests an iodine-selective mechanism, as the sum of iodide plus iodate is 1000 times less abundant than bromide in seawater. Although IO has been measured above sub-Arctic sea ice at amounts of up to 4 pptv [Mahajan et al. 2010], this is less than a quarter the Antarctic concentrations.

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Section: Correlations Between Halocarbon Concentrationscontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Correlations Between Halocarbon Concentrationscontrasting

confidence: 46%

Halocarbons associated with Arctic sea ice

Atkinson¹,

Hughes²,

Shaw³

et al. 2014

Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers

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“…[20] The first assumption should be valid in most situations according to seawater measurements made in a number of different locations showing very similar bromocarbon ratios [Moore and Tokarczyk, 1993;Schall et al, 1997;. The second two assumptions may have been valid in the particular situation at Alert (although it is likely that local bromocarbon sources exist in the Arctic according to measurements by [Sturges et al, 1993]) but are unlikely in most other locations.…”

Section: Organobromine Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second two assumptions may have been valid in the particular situation at Alert (although it is likely that local bromocarbon sources exist in the Arctic according to measurements by [Sturges et al, 1993]) but are unlikely in most other locations.…”

Section: Organobromine Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine organohalogens in the atmosphere over the Atlantic and Southern Oceans

2003

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[1] Reactive halogen species (RHS) such as the halogen oxide radicals IO and BrO influence tropospheric oxidation processes in both polar and temperate regions. Oceanic photolabile halocarbons have been shown to be strong sources of RHS in midlatitudes. However, the global source strengths of these halocarbon precursors and the relative importance of the coastal and pelagic oceans on their concentrations are highly uncertain. Here we present atmospheric measurements of the reactive organic halogens CH 3 I, CH 2 I 2 , CH 2 ClI, CH 2 IBr, CHIBr 2 , CHBr 3 , CH 2 Br 2 , and CHBr 2 Cl made at Mace Head, Ireland, during the Particle Formation and Fate in the Coastal Environment campaign in September 1998 and at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during the Southern Ocean Atmospheric Photochemistry Experiment 2 campaign in January/February 1999. Mace Head is strongly influenced by local macroalgae, whereas Cape Grim, owing to its cliff-top location, suffers much less impact from seaweeds. The very reactive halocarbons CH 2 I 2 , CH 2 IBr, and CHIBr 2 observed at Mace Head were below detection limits at Cape Grim, although CH 2 ClI was detected at both locations. Mixing ratios of CH 3 I, CH 2 ClI, CHBr 3 , CHBr 2 Cl, and CH 2 Br 2 at Cape Grim were on average 25-50% of those at Mace Head. Concentrations of the polybromomethanes correlated well at both sites. Using these correlations, we estimate molar source strengths of CHBr 2 Cl and CH 2 Br 2 to be between 3 and 6% and between 15 and 25% of the global CHBr 3 flux, respectively. These values fall within ranges estimated independently from concentration and lifetime data.

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“…These results suggest that the concentrations of halocarbons are not linked to bulk phytoplankton biomass in the present study. In the Atlantic Ocean, it has been reported that Chl.-a content does not necessarily correlate with the production of halogenated hydrocarbons (Schall et al 1997). Abrahamsson et al (2004a) also reported that no strong relationship was observed between the surface water concentrations of halocarbons and the total Chl.-a along a transect in the Southern Ocean.…”

Section: (2) Relationship Between Halocarbons and Chlorophyll-amentioning

confidence: 99%