Biogeography of Micronekton Assemblages in the Natural Park of the Coral Sea

Abstract

Mesopelagic resources are central to the ecosystem but remain poorly studied mainly due to the lack of observations. This paper investigates the assemblages of micronekton organisms and their habitat in the Natural Park of the Coral Sea around New Caledonia (southwest Pacific) using data from 141 pelagic trawls. A total of 67,130 micronekton individuals (fish, crustaceans, and mollusks) were collected with 252 species identified among 152 genus and 76 families. In the analyses, we focused on 22 species; each were present in more than 33 trawls (i.e., in more than 25% of the total number of trawls) and studied their spatial distribution and vertical dynamic behavior. Community structure was investigated through region of common profile (RCP), an innovative statistical multivariate method allowing the study of both species assemblages and environmental conditions' influence on species occurrence probability. Nine major assemblages were identified, mainly driven by time of the day and sampling depth. Environmental variables, such as mean oxygen concentration, mean temperature, and bathymetry, also influenced micronekton assemblages, inducing a north/south distribution pattern. Three major day-assemblages were identified, distributed over the whole EEZ but segregated by depth: one assemblage in waters shallower than 200 m and the other two in deeper waters, respectively, in the north and the south. The night-assemblages were mostly segregated by depth with two community changes at approximately 80 and 200 m and spatially with a north-south gradient. The predominant northern night assemblages were dominated by crustacean, whereas the southern assemblage mostly by cephalopods and fish species. Generally, the southwest part of the EEZ was the most diverse part. Statistical analyses allowed the prediction of the spatial distribution of each species, and its vertical migration behavior was determined. Based on results, three important areas were identified to be considered for special management measures as part of the Natural Park of the Coral Sea.

eDNA metabarcoding reveals biodiversity and depth stratification patterns of dinoflagellate assemblages within the epipelagic zone of the western Coral Sea

“…Interestingly, despite stations being separated by hundreds of kilometres, the influence of latitudinal gradient on dinoflagellate assemblages, while significant, explained less of the variation in dinoflagellate assemblage structure than depth. Previously, the Coral Sea was shown to be a biodiversity hotspot for metazoan and micronekton taxa [ 26 – 28 , 30 , 31 ]. To our knowledge, our study is the first to demonstrate that this diversity extends to dinoflagellates in open-ocean water masses of the Western Coral Sea.…”

“…Interactions between these geomorphic features and ocean currents cause upwelling of nutrient-rich water that drives regional productivity and contributes to the formation of distinct ecological communities [ 25 , 26 ]. The Coral Sea is a recognized biodiversity hotspot, supporting a high biodiversity of cetaceans [ 27 ], sharks [ 28 ], fish [ 26 , 29 ], and micronektonic species [ 30 , 31 ].…”