Biogeography Revisited with Network Theory: Retracing the History of Hydrothermal Vent Communities

Moalic, Yann; Desbruyères, Daniel; Duarte, Carlos M.; Rozenfeld, Alejandro; Bachraty, Charleyne; Arnaud‐Haond, Sophie

doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr088

Cited by 104 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…The analysis retrieved the same biogeographic provinces among the vent faunas as previous studies [12,14,[31][32][33]. It also shows that, when analysed with the same methods and thresholds, the seep sites group into much less clearly defined faunal provinces than the vent fauna, and most groupings include sedimented vent sites as well ( figure 1).…”

Section: Discussion (A) Biogeographic Provincessupporting

confidence: 64%

A biogeographic network reveals evolutionary links between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and methane seep faunas

Kiel¹

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps are inhabited by members of the same higher taxa but share few species, thus scientists have long sought habitats or regions of intermediate character that would facilitate connectivity among these habitats. Here, a network analysis of 79 vent, seep, and whale-fall communities with 121 genus-level taxa identified sedimented vents as a main intermediate link between the two types of ecosystems. Sedimented vents share hot, metal-rich fluids with mid-ocean ridge-type vents and soft sediment with seeps. Such sites are common along the active continental margins of the Pacific Ocean, facilitating connectivity among vent/seep faunas in this region. By contrast, sedimented vents are rare in the Atlantic Ocean, offering an explanation for the greater distinction between its vent and seep faunas compared with those of the Pacific Ocean. The distribution of subduction zones and associated back-arc basins, where sedimented vents are common, likely plays a major role in the evolutionary and biogeographic connectivity of vent and seep faunas. The hypothesis that decaying whale carcasses are dispersal stepping stones linking these environments is not supported. BackgroundThe adaptation to, and colonization of, new habitats is often achieved via geographically or ecologically intermediate 'stepping stones' [1][2][3]. Understanding the nature of these stepping stones is thus crucial for interpreting the history of colonizations and present-day distributions, for the design of protected areas and for predicting vectors of dispersal of invasive species and of infectious diseases [2][3][4][5]. Of particular interest for biogeographers and evolutionary biologists in this context are isolated and extreme habitats with faunas and floras showing endemism and unusual adaptations, such as island archipelagos [6,7], caves [8,9], seamounts [10,11], and deep-sea hydrothermal vents and methane seeps [12][13][14]. Among these, vents and seeps are characterized by harsh environmental conditions and host unique ecosystems in which the dominant species gain their nutrients from symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria and are independent of photosynthetic food chains [15,16]. Vents and seeps are inhabited by members of the same higher taxa, notably siboglinid tubeworms, bathymodiolin mussels, and vesicomyid clams, but overlap on the species level is limited. This is thought to result from the different tectonic settings and physical properties of vents and seeps: whereas many vents are located in open ocean settings and are characterized by volcanic rocks and hot, metal-rich fluids, methane seeps occur on continental margins and are characterized by cold fluids, soft sediment, and carbonate rocks [15]. Vents and seeps are thus perceived as two distinct types of ecosystems that have evolutionary connections, but the nature of these connections remains controversial. Because the number of shared species increases in areas where both habitat types occur in close proximity, for example, around Japan and in t...

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Section: Discussion (A) Biogeographic Provincessupporting

confidence: 64%

A biogeographic network reveals evolutionary links between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and methane seep faunas

Kiel¹

2016

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Vent species are distributed in discrete biogeographic provinces, each of which has a characteristic fauna (e.g., Moalic et al, 2012), and extends through all or part of an ocean basin. Patterns of species diversity and occurrence differ between these regions.…”

Section: Vent Communities As Metacommunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expanses of hostile "matrix, " separating potential vent habitats that are tied to plate boundaries, can be vast (e.g., the Pacific Plate); thus, analyses of taxonomic distinctness identify biogeographic regions with very high endemism at the species level (Moalic et al, 2012). The probability that pelagic larvae can transcend the distance barrier is low (Mitarai et al, 2016).…”

Section: Dispersal Effects On Regional Species Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework

et al. 2018

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Species inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents are strongly influenced by the geological setting, as it provides the chemical-rich fluids supporting the food web, creates the patchwork of seafloor habitat, and generates catastrophic disturbances that can eradicate entire communities. The patches of vent habitat host a network of communities (a metacommunity) connected by dispersal of planktonic larvae. The dynamics of the metacommunity are influenced not only by birth rates, death rates and interactions of populations at the local site, but also by regional influences on dispersal from different sites. The connections to other communities provide a mechanism for dynamics at a local site to affect features of the regional biota. In this paper, we explore the challenges and potential benefits of applying metacommunity theory to vent communities, with a particular focus on effects of disturbance. We synthesize field observations to inform models and identify data gaps that need to be addressed to answer key questions including: (1) what is the influence of the magnitude and rate of disturbance on ecological attributes, such as time to extinction or resilience in a metacommunity; (2) what interactions between local and regional processes control species diversity, and (3) which communities are "hot spots" of key ecological significance. We conclude by assessing our ability to evaluate resilience of vent metacommunities to human disturbance (e.g., deep-sea mining). Although the resilience of a few highly disturbed vent systems in the eastern Pacific has been quantified, these values cannot be generalized to remote locales in the western Pacific or mid Atlantic where disturbance rates are different and information on local controls is missing.

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“…Whereas the deep ocean is often considered to be a rather uniform environment, the connectivity of pelagic microbial communities may be reduced by the limited mixing between water masses (Agogué et al, 2011;Hamdan et al, 2013) or modulated by advection (Wilkins et al, 2013) imposing limitations on the dispersion of marine microbes in this low-turbulence environment. In addition, the spatial structure of the bathypelagic ocean, organized in partially isolated basins created by the emergence of submarine mountains, has not been tested as a potential factor affecting the biogeography of pelagic microbial communities, as happens for specialized deep-sea fauna (Moalic et al, 2012) and bacteria inhabiting deep-sea surface sediments (Schauer et al, 2010), either by imposing limits to deep-ocean connectivity or by delineating different environments that select for distinct microbial communities. Therefore, the deep pelagic ocean may present a mosaic of biogeographical domains with distinct microbial assemblages, a hypothesis not yet fully tested.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global diversity and biogeography of deep-sea pelagic prokaryotes

Salazar¹,

et al. 2015

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The deep-sea is the largest biome of the biosphere, and contains more than half of the whole ocean's microbes. Uncovering their general patterns of diversity and community structure at a global scale remains a great challenge, as only fragmentary information of deep-sea microbial diversity exists based on regional-scale studies. Here we report the first globally comprehensive survey of the prokaryotic communities inhabiting the bathypelagic ocean using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. This work identifies the dominant prokaryotes in the pelagic deep ocean and reveals that 50% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belong to previously unknown prokaryotic taxa, most of which are rare and appear in just a few samples. We show that whereas the local richness of communities is comparable to that observed in previous regional studies, the global pool of prokaryotic taxa detected is modest (~3600 OTUs), as a high proportion of OTUs are shared among samples. The water masses appear to act as clear drivers of the geographical distribution of both particle-attached and free-living prokaryotes. In addition, we show that the deep-oceanic basins in which the bathypelagic realm is divided contain different particle-attached (but not free-living) microbial communities. The combination of the aging of the water masses and a lack of complete dispersal are identified as the main drivers for this biogeographical pattern. All together, we identify the potential of the deep ocean as a reservoir of still unknown biological diversity with a higher degree of spatial complexity than hitherto considered.

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Biogeography Revisited with Network Theory: Retracing the History of Hydrothermal Vent Communities

Cited by 104 publications

References 54 publications

A biogeographic network reveals evolutionary links between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and methane seep faunas

A biogeographic network reveals evolutionary links between deep-sea hydrothermal vent and methane seep faunas

Exploring the Ecology of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents in a Metacommunity Framework

Global diversity and biogeography of deep-sea pelagic prokaryotes

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