Enzymatic
biofuel cells (EBFCs) are attractive power sources capable
of utilizing biomolecules to generate electrical power. However, their
practical utility is limited because of their relatively low power
output and short lifetime, which arise from the low enzyme loading
capacity on the support materials, activity loss during enzyme immobilization,
intrinsically poor enzyme stability, and limited substrate and electron
transport. Nanobiocatalytic approaches, in which enzymes are incorporated
with nanostructured supports, have been recognized as a potent solution
to resolve these limitations. They construct high-performance enzyme
electrodes utilizing the affirmative characteristics of the materials
coupled with appropriate immobilization strategies. In this review,
the roles of nanostructured supports and catalytic mechanisms for
generating biofuel-driven electrical power, the recent research progress
on EBFCs based on widely investigated nanocarbons, nanoparticles,
and polymeric nanofibers, and newly emerged metal–organic frameworks,
nanoflowers, and other nanohybrids are discussed. The current challenges
and prospects for utilizing nanostructured supports in EBFCs are also
discussed.