Bioinspired Vascular Stents with Microfluidic Electrospun Multilayer Coatings for Preventing In‐Stent Restenosis

Abstract

In‐stent restenosis (ISR) is seriously affecting the long‐term prognosis of vascular interventional therapy and leading to enormous medical burdens. Great efforts have been devoted to developing functional vascular stents with desired features and properties for effective ISR prevention. Here, a multifunctional bionic vascular stent with designed coatings prepared using microfluidic electrospinning technology is presented. Such stents are composed of biocompatible, drug‐loaded methylacrylated gelatin‐polyethylene glycol diacrylate (GelMA‐PEGDA) and polycaprolactone composite nanofibers on 316L stainless steel stents by an easy‐to‐operate step‐by‐step spraying method. Benefitting from the addition of polydopamine during the fabrications, the drug‐loaded composite nanofibers can adhere well to both the stent and the vascular wall. Furthermore, as the inner fibrous layer of the stent contacting the lumen is equipped with heparin‐vascular endothelial growth factor (Hep‐VEGF), it plays an anticoagulation role and promotes the growth of endothelial cells; while the outer layer contacts the vascular wall and releases rapamycin slowly, which can restrain smooth muscle proliferation. By implanting this into the rabbit carotid artery, the multi‐functional bionic demonstrates that the vascular stent can achieve good anti‐thrombosis and in‐stent restenosis effects, which indicates its potential values in vascular intervention and other biomedical fields.

Development of a Silk Fibroin‐Small Intestinal Submucosa Small‐Diameter Vascular Graft with Sequential VEGF and TGF‐β1 Inhibitor Delivery for In Situ Tissue Engineering

“…[43] This process could be improved by releasing proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), PDGF and their plasmids, in an individual or coordinated manner. [44] On the other hand, the postoperative inflammatory response and potential for rejection could be mitigated to reduce vascular long-term stenosis by downregulating the expression of TGF-𝛽1. [45,46] Therefore, we propose the sequentially controlled release of VEGF and a TGF-𝛽1 inhibitor via a dual-release system as a promising strategy to regulate integration throughout the remodeling process.…”

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8: a versatile nanoplatform for tissue regeneration

“…In clinical practice, patients often face various vascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, endothelial disease, and peripheral vascular disease. In cases where their own blood vessels are insufficient for repair, extracorporeal implantation of vascular stents becomes necessary ( Cheng et al, 2022 ). Although allogeneic or xenogeneic vascular grafts can be used as substitutes, immune rejection reactions are a common concern, limiting their practicality.…”

Surface Modifications of Medical Grade Stainless Steel

“…Another study showed that a 5-layer chondroitin 6-sulfate (ChS)-HEP-modified MSS stent displayed the greatest hemocompatibility, prolonged blood clotting time, activated partial thrombin time (aPTT), and reduced platelet adhesion to reduce thrombosis [210]. In a study, methyl acrylate gelatin-polyethylene glycol diacrylate (GelMA-PEGDA) and polycaprolactone composite nanofibers composite loaded with rapamycin were sprayed step-by-step on MSS and reported to have improved anti-thrombosis and in-stent restenosis effects [211].…”