Biological Activities of Red Pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i>) and Its Pungent Principle Capsaicin: A Review

Srinivasan, Krishnapura

doi:10.1080/10408398.2013.772090

Cited by 340 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…According to a report by Okumura, Tsukui, Hosokowa, and Miyashita (2012), the antidiabetic activities of capsaicin and caffeine on the blood glucose level of obese/diabetic model mice were found to be high in KK‐A(y) obese/diabetic mice. Recently, Srinivasan (2016) has reported that capsaicin as natural anti‐inflammatory compounds was effective as indomethacin (a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug) in suppressing aberrant crypt foci in rat.…”

Section: Potentials Of Chili (Capsicum Annuum) In Alleviating Micronumentioning

confidence: 99%

The suitability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for alleviating human micronutrient dietary deficiencies: A review

Olatunji

Afolayan

2018

Food Science & Nutrition

131

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Human micronutrient dietary deficiency remains an enormous global problem and probably accounts for the cause of many chronic health conditions and diseases. Above two (2) billion individuals on the planet today have been estimated to be deficient in major minerals and vitamins, predominantly zinc, iodine, vitamin A, and iron primarily due to inadequate dietary intake. The eradication of deficiencies in micronutrient on a sustainable basis will be conceivable only when diets of vulnerable populace provide all required nutrients in adequate amounts. Among the numerous approaches toward eradicating human dietary deficiency, feeding on a wide range of foods, especially vegetables that have an array of micronutrients, is still perceived as the best sustainable solution. The universal consumption of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum), known for their high nutritional content (which includes a good range of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and dietary fiber), may play a role in decreasing human micronutrient deficiencies. Significant portions of recommended daily nutrients could be supplied by the incorporation of nutrient‐rich chili pepper into human diets which could help in combating nutrient deficiencies. This present review, therefore, gives an overview of the universal occurrence of micronutrient deficiency. It also discusses approaches that have been used to tackle the situation while stressing the potentials of chili pepper as a promising vegetable which could be utilized in alleviating human micronutrient dietary deficiencies. For all available information provided, research databases (Science direct, Academic journals, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were searched independently using keyword search strategy. Titles and abstracts were examined initially, and full papers were retrieved if studies met the inclusion criteria.

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Section: Potentials Of Chili (Capsicum Annuum) In Alleviating Micronumentioning

confidence: 99%

The suitability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for alleviating human micronutrient dietary deficiencies: A review

Olatunji

Afolayan

2018

Food Science & Nutrition

131

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“…Despite the irritation of the pepper causing unusual reactions, elephants eat mango fruits coated with the chilli pepper concentrate. Capsaicin from chilli pepper has dose-dependent effects (Ameh et al, 2015;Srinivasan, 2016). The elephant's willingness to eat fruits coated with chilli pepper during this trial might be due to the amount of the chilli pepper which was coated on fruits while plunging them in the concentrate, and which had not enough strong repellent effect on elephants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The greatest unusual reactions recorded at site S3 indicates that elephants might have been deterred with a stronger concentrated chilli pepper. Yet, the use of a more concentrated chilli pepper raises concerns about lethal effects of capsaicin (Ameh et al, 2015;Srinivasan, 2016). Capsaicin effects are also known to decrease as consumers become habituated (Srinivasan, 2016) explaining why elephant were less willing to eat mongo fruits coated with chilli pepper the first trial day compared to the other days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, the use of a more concentrated chilli pepper raises concerns about lethal effects of capsaicin (Ameh et al, 2015;Srinivasan, 2016). Capsaicin effects are also known to decrease as consumers become habituated (Srinivasan, 2016) explaining why elephant were less willing to eat mongo fruits coated with chilli pepper the first trial day compared to the other days. It might be interesting to conduct further research to find out the optimal chilli pepper concentration which could efficiently prevent elephant from feeding on fruits or crops while not causing noxious overdose effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The amount of capsaicin spiciness is estimated at about 16 × 10 6 Scoville Heat Units enabling it to cause a burning sensation when it comes in contact with mucous membranes, stinging pain to the skin, and if ingested in large amounts, it can produce nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and burning diarrhea (Ameh et al, 2015;Srinivasan, 2016). As elephants continued to consume mango fruits coated with the chilli pepper concentrate such effects had not been observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Camera traps to study the forest elephant's (Loxodonta cyclotis) response to chilli pepper repellent devices in Gamba, Gabon

et al. 2018

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In Central Africa, Gabon is a forested country with a rich biodiversity where conflict between wild animals and humans is common and causes innumerable damage to crops. The worst crop raiders are elephants, which can destroy an entire crop in a single night. These raids threaten people's livelihoods as well as elephants because angry farmers often retaliate with killing campaigns against crop raiding elephants. To keep elephants out of farms the use of chilli pepper is recommended as a non-lethal method. But only a few studies have tested methods to use chilli pepper to deter elephants in Gabon. Results from this study give a starting point for understanding how forest elephants react to devices using chilli pepper as a deterrent based on sequential camera trap photos. A chilli pepper device that resulted in splashing concentrate on the elephant face proved to be the most effective at deterring elephants. Surprisingly, chilli pepper concentrate directly applied to mango fruits did not deter elephants from eating the fruits, although it probably caused some discomfort. To make effective deterrent devices with chilli pepper future works need to focus on exploring practices to reach the elephant face with the least, safe quantity of chilli pepper and which will have enough strong deterrent effect.

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Genetic, Epigenetic, and Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Development and Ripening inCapsicumL. Species

Kumar

Kumar²,

Anju

et al. 2021

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Fruits are not only important for the plants but also for ensuring sustainable food security of the burgeoning global population. Considering the huge nutritional and ecological importance of fruits, investigation of mechanisms, and factors governing their development and ripening is crucial. The investigation of fruit development in several economically important crops such as tomato, strawberry, grape, and banana includingCapsicumsuggest that early fruit development is largely dependent on auxins and gibberellins (GAs) whereas later ripening is dependent on ethylene or abscisic acid (ABA). The initial development is relatively conserved whereas the ripening of fruits can be either climacteric or non‐climacteric depending on the presence or absence of respiratory burst and ethylene production respectively. Climacteric fruit ripening is mediated by ethylene, and it is well studied in tomato and banana, whereas non‐climacteric fruit ripening requires ABA and much of the information on it comes from strawberry and grape. The genusCapsicumL. shows rich diversity in fruit traits such as shape, colour, size, and even in its ripening behaviour. Early fruit development in different species ofCapsicumappears similar to other fruit crops, whereas later fruit ripening behaviour in different species ofCapsicumcan be either climacteric or non‐climacteric depending upon evolution of ethylene and respiratory burst. It has been found that, even different cultivars of the same species ofCapsicumshow variation in ripening behaviour suggesting interspecific and intraspecific complexities in fruit ripening responses. Until a few years, a majority of the papers have focussed on the non‐climacteric nature of fruit ripening inCapsicum. However, recent studies have shown substantial involvement of ethylene and ethylene related genes in fruit ripening ofCapsicumsuggesting the existence of extensive common regulons between climacteric and non‐climacteric fruits. Recent studies have also suggested the involvement of several epigenetic mechanisms such as non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and cytosine methylation in regulating fruit development and ripening. With the advent of new tools in the omics field such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics, there is considerable progress in understanding the fruit development and complex nature of ripening inCapsicum. Nevertheless, consolidated information onCapsicumfruit development and its complex nature of ripening is not available. In this article, an attempt is made to present up to date consolidated information on the development and ripening ofCapsicumfruit with an emphasis on its genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal regulation.

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Biological Activities of Red Pepper (Capsicum annuum) and Its Pungent Principle Capsaicin: A Review

Cited by 340 publications

References 89 publications

The suitability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for alleviating human micronutrient dietary deficiencies: A review

The suitability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) for alleviating human micronutrient dietary deficiencies: A review

Camera traps to study the forest elephant's (Loxodonta cyclotis) response to chilli pepper repellent devices in Gamba, Gabon

Genetic, Epigenetic, and Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Development and Ripening inCapsicumL. Species

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