Biological activity and profiling of Salvia sclarea essential oil obtained by steam and hydrodistillation extraction methods via chemometrics tools

Abstract

Salvia sclarea L. or clary sage is cultivated worldwide in temperate and sub‐tropical climates, as an ornamental and essential oil (EO) bearing plant. EO is obtained from fresh spikes in full flowering stage and is recognized as an important commercial product for food, beverage and cosmetic industries. This study investigated the EO composition of S. sclarea grown in Serbia (Southeast Europe) obtained by two different methods, steam (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD). GC‐MS analysis identified oxygenated monoterpenes as the main class of compounds for all EOs (between 81.8% and 88.2% depending on the distillation process). The most abundant oxygenated monoterpenes were linalyl acetate and linalool. In addition, in vitro antimicrobial (modified resazurin microtitre‐plate assay) and antioxidant activities (DPPH· assay) and total polyphenol content of obtained EOs were also evaluated. According to the assay used for the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, Gram‐negative bacteria were more sensitive to S. sclarea EO in comparison to Gram‐positive bacteria. EOs exhibited low antioxidant capacity, below 3% neutralized DPPH· radicals, reaching up to approximately 400 µg AAE mL‐1. This study also investigated a possibility for predicting retention indices (RIs) of compounds isolated from EOs. In total, 78 experimentally obtained RIs were applied to construct the prediction model. The quantitative structure‐chromatographic retention relationship (QSRR) model was used to anticipate the experimentally obtained RIs. Five molecular descriptors were selected by factor analysis and genetic algorithm to predict RIs. The obtained accuracy of the QSRR model reached r2 = .912, which showed that these models might be applied for predicting retention indices.

Excess Zinc Supply Reduces Cadmium Uptake and Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity Effects on Chloroplast Structure, Oxidative Stress, and Photosystem II Photochemical Efficiency in Salvia sclarea Plants

“…Salvia sclarea is recognized as a medicinal herb due to its valuable pharmacological properties and numerous health benefits, being also an economically important plant for phytoextraction and phytostabilization of Cd 2+ -and Zn 2+ -contaminated soils, with a subsequent increased interest in its cultivation [2,14,27]. Cadmium is greatly injurious to plant growth and almost all human individuals are exposed to Cd 2+ , mostly through plantderived food that has reached the threshold for adverse health effects, and therefore, there is a serious demand to lower human Cd 2+ intake by development of low Cd 2+ -accumulating crops [42,43].…”

“…Clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.), a biennial or a perennial 20-130 cm high plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family, is native to Southern Europe but is being cultivated worldwide in temperate and sub-tropical climates as an ornamental and essential oilbearing plant [27]. It is used in the aromatic and food industries [28], especially in alcoholic beverages, pastries, gelatins, puddings, frozen desserts, and condiments [27] and for preventing food spoilage due to its antimicrobial properties [29]. Its essential oils present antifungal and cytotoxic activity [30,31].…”

“…Its essential oils present antifungal and cytotoxic activity [30,31]. Recent studies reported analgesic and antidiabetic as well as anti-inflammatory effects [27]. Salvia sclarea is also an economically important plant for phytoextraction and phytostabilization of Cd 2+ -and Zn 2+ -contaminated soils, with an increasing interest in cultivation because of this [2,14,27].…”

Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activity of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Essential Oil and Hydrolate

“…The steam distillation of the dried aerial plant parts of D. moldavica was performed in a semi-industrial distillation unit at IFVCNS [ 71 ]. Briefly, 50 kg of dried biomass was put in the distillation vessel (0.8 m 3 ), which was supplied with hot dry steam from a separate steam generator.…”

Comparative Study of the Essential Oil and Hydrosol Composition of Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia annuaL.) from Serbia

“…A total 100 kg of dry plant material (upper parts with flowers) of sweet wormwood were processed via steam distillation unit at the IFVCNS (volume 0.8 m 3 ), detailed description can be found in Aćimović et al [68] After 4 h of distillation process, the essential oil and hydrosol were separated in a glass Florentine flask. Obtained essential oil was separated from aqueous layer dried using anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , while hydrosol was purified using filer paper.…”