Biological activity of cinnamaldehyde, citronellal, geraniol and anacardic acid on Haemonchus contortus isolates susceptible and resistant to synthetic anthelmintics

Abstract

Parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes is a challenge for small ruminant farming worldwide. It causes productive and economic losses, especially due to parasite resistance to conventional anthelmintics. Natural compounds with antiparasitic activity are a potential alternative for controlling these parasites especially when considering the widespread occurrence of anthelmintic resistance. Our objective was to evaluate the activity of anacardic acid, geraniol, cinnamaldehyde and citronellal on Haemonchus contortus isolates with different levels of anthelmintic resistance profiles. These compounds were tested using egg hatch assays (EHAs), larval development tests (LDTs) as well as LDTs on mini-fecal cultures, on the Haemonchus contortus isolates Kokstad (KOK-resistant to all anthelmintics), Inbred-Strain-Edinburgh (ISE-susceptible to all anthelmintics) and Echevarria (ECH-susceptible to all anthelmintics). Effective concentrations to inhibit 50% (EC50) and 95% (EC95) of egg hatching and larval development were calculated. Results for EHA and LDT for all tested compounds, considering EC50 and EC95 values, showed low variation among the studied isolates with most RF values below 2x. All studied compounds showed efficacy against egg hatching and larval development of H. contortus isolates regardless of anthelmintic resistance profiles. The compounds with the smallest EC50 and EC95 values were cinnamaldehyde and anacardic acid making them promising candidates for future in vivo studies.

Activity of the Ethanolic Extract Obtained from Citrus microcarpa Pericarps against Meloidogyne enterolobii, and Chemical Composition Analysis

“…Specifically, using UHPLC-MS, GC-TOF-MS, and GC-MS-VOCs, we detected 2979 active substances through chemical composition analysis of ethanolic extracts. In addition, we organized and analyzed 28 of these substances with insecticidal and antibacterial effects, including lignans, flavonoids, fatty acids, organic acids, terpenes, and imidazoles (Frota et al 2023;Liu et al 2002;Ma and Gu 2003). In recent years, researchers have isolated more than 100 monomeric components from medicinal plants, including flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids, organic acids, and terpenoids that exhibit strong nematicidal activity.…”