Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, <i>Ceroplastes sinensis</i> Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): a two‐year study from Central Greece

Stathas, G. J.; Kavallieratos, Nickolas G.; Eliopoulos, Panagiotis A.

doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2003.00359.x

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…From our observations, crawler emergence started in July, and until September first instars were observed on leaves. At this point, controversy exists among authors: although Stathas et al (2003) confirm our observations, Llorens (1990) and Gómez-Clemente (1927) indicate that crawler revival starts in July and continues until August, and García-Marí et al (1994) indicate that hatching occurs later, from September to October. In Australia, hatching begins in early January, but peaks during February and early March (Smith et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Seasonal trends, sampling plans and parasitoid complex of the Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in Mediterranean citrus groves

Martínez-Ferrer¹,

Campos-Rivela²,

Verdú

2014

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Seasonal trends and the parasitoid complex of Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis) was studied from July 2010 to February 2013. Six commercial citrus groves located in northeastern Spain were sampled fortnightly. Chinese wax scale completed a single annual generation. Egg oviposition started in May and continued until mid-July. Egg hatching began in mid-June, and in the first quarter of August, the maximum percentage of hatched eggs was reached. In the same groves, the parasitoid species of C. sinensis were determined together with their seasonal trends, relative abundance and occurrence on C. sinensis. Four hymenoptera were found parasitizing C. sinensis, mainly on third instars and females: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Aphelinidae), Metaphycus helvolus (Encyrtidae), Scutellista caerulea (Pteromalidae) and Aprostocetus ceroplastae (Eulophidae). The most abundant species was A. ceroplastae, corresponding to 54% of the parasitoids emerged. Coccophagus ceroplastae and M. helvolus represented 19%, whereas S. caerulea comprised 8% of the total. This study is the first published record of C. ceroplastae in Spain and the first record of M. helvolus on C. sinensis in Spain. Concerning the economical thresholds normally used, sampling plans developed for the management of C. sinensis in citrus groves should target population densities of around 12–20% of invaded twigs, equivalent to 0.2–0.5 females per twig. The sample size necessary to achieve the desired integrated pest management precision is 90–160 twigs per grove for the enumerative plan and about 160–245 twigs per grove for the binomial plan.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Seasonal trends, sampling plans and parasitoid complex of the Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in Mediterranean citrus groves

Martínez-Ferrer¹,

Campos-Rivela²,

Verdú

2014

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio is a serious pest of citrus in coastal Australia ( Beattie and Kaldor 1990 , Beattie et al. 1991 ), but it is only a sporadic pest in Spain, Italy, and Greece ( Gill 1988 , Stathas et al. 2003a ).…”

Section: Economic Importancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most univoltine species overwinter as second instars; others overwinter as adults ( Kosztarab 1996 ). Some species, such as C. sinensis , can overwinter as either third instar or adult ( Stathas et al. 2003a ).…”

Section: Life Cycle and Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2006 ) sinensis Ilex spp. Virginia, USA 1 ( Williams and Kosztarab 1972 , Kosztarab 1996 ) Citrus spp., pear Greece; Italy 1 ( Frediani 1960 , Stathas et al. 2003a ) Citrus spp.…”

Section: Life Cycle and Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1996 ) Late-June Virginia, USA Ilex spp. ( Kosztarab 1996 ) Early-July Central Greece Citrus sinensis ( Stathas et al. 2003a ) Nov. New South Wales, Australia Citrus ( Snowball 1970 ) June-July Northern Spain Citrus reticulata, C. sinensis ( Martínez-Ferrer et al.…”

Section: Integrated Pest Management (Ipm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Camacho

Chong

2015

J Integr Pest Manag

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We summarize the economic importance, biology, and management of soft scales, focusing on pests of agricultural, horticultural, and silvicultural crops in outdoor production systems and urban landscapes. We also provide summaries on voltinism, crawler emergence timing, and predictive models for crawler emergence to assist in developing soft scale management programs. Phloem-feeding soft scale pests cause direct (e.g., injuries to plant tissues and removal of nutrients) and indirect damage (e.g., reduction in photosynthesis and aesthetic value by honeydew and sooty mold). Variations in life cycle, reproduction, fecundity, and behavior exist among congenerics due to host, environmental, climatic, and geographical variations. Sampling of soft scale pests involves sighting the insects or their damage, and assessing their abundance. Crawlers of most univoltine species emerge in the spring and the summer. Degree-day models and plant phenological indicators help determine the initiation of sampling and treatment against crawlers (the life stage most vulnerable to contact insecticides). The efficacy of cultural management tactics, such as fertilization, pruning, and irrigation, in reducing soft scale abundance is poorly documented. A large number of parasitoids and predators attack soft scale populations in the field; therefore, natural enemy conservation by using selective insecticides is important. Systemic insecticides provide greater flexibility in application method and timing, and have longer residual longevity than contact insecticides. Application timing of contact insecticides that coincides with crawler emergence is most effective in reducing soft scale abundance.

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Are the ladybugs Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Exochomus quadripustulatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) candidate predators of Toumeyella parvicornis (Hemiptera: Coccidae)?

Di Sora,

Rossini,

Contarini

et al. 2024

Pest Management Science

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BackgroundToumeyella parvicornis is an alien pest of recent introduction in Italy that infests stone pines (Pinus pinea L.), its main host plant in Europe. Infestations are currently controlled through endotherapic treatments, but the high costs and the long‐term inefficacy highlight the need for alternative control strategies applicable in natural systems as well. An analysis of the effectiveness of autochthonous and naturalized predators is the first step to achieve this goal. This work focused on two candidate predators, Exochomus quadripustulatus and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), that may potentially control T. parvicornis. The analysis was carried out under laboratory‐controlled and semi‐field conditions.ResultsLaboratory tests were carried out to assess: (i) the predation rate of the ladybugs over different densities of pest preimaginal stages, and (ii) the effect of the presence of heterospecific and conspecific predators on the attractiveness of prey colonies. Semi‐field experimentations were carried out by wrapping infested stone pine twigs with net sleeves and applying one of three treatments: (i) Exochomus quadripustulatus, (ii) Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, and (iii) control containing only the pest population. Both the ladybugs were attracted by T. parvicornis, offered as prey. Exochomus quadripustulatus was more attracted to conspecific and heterospecific ladybugs than Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and responded to prey more quickly.ConclusionsThe results obtained could be useful for planning further experimentations to explore the potential use of these predators in biological control programs that may be applied in infested areas. Besides the use in an urban context, where pesticide use is strongly limited, the release of natural enemies may help safeguard stone pine forests. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): a two‐year study from Central Greece

Cited by 6 publications

References 12 publications

Seasonal trends, sampling plans and parasitoid complex of the Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in Mediterranean citrus groves

Seasonal trends, sampling plans and parasitoid complex of the Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in Mediterranean citrus groves

General Biology and Current Management Approaches of Soft Scale Pests (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

Are the ladybugs Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Exochomus quadripustulatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) candidate predators of Toumeyella parvicornis (Hemiptera: Coccidae)?

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