Biological and hydrodynamic design considerations for vertically oriented oyster grow out structures

Fredriksson, David W.; Steppe, Cecily N.; Wallendorf, Louise; Sweeney, S. J.; Kriebel, David L.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2009.11.002

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Like larvae of many other bivalve species, oyster larvae determine proper settlement sites depending upon local hydrodynamics (Fredriksson et al 2010, Koehl & Hadfield 2010, and once contacting the bed, if they find their first landing site to be un suitable, they can release themselves back into the flow and test the next site they come in contact with (Soniat et al 2004, Fuchs et al 2007). In studies determining the effect of flow on barnacle larvae, increased settlement was found in regions with high velocity and shear due to increases in ar rival rates to these sites (Bushek 1988), but larvae were found to selectively settle to local sites with low shear (Wethey 1986, Mullineaux & Butman 1991, while deep-water foraminiferal propa gules tended to settle in regions of flow separation (Mullineaux & Butman 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benthic flow environments affect recruitment of Crassostrea virginica larvae to an intertidal oyster reef

Whitman¹,

Reidenbach²

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

111

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Restoration efforts to enhance Crassostrea virginica oyster populations along the Virginia, USA, coastline focus on creating benthic habitat suitable for larval recruitment, survival, and growth. To determine how benthic flow processes affect larval recruitment, velocity and turbulence we collected data over multiple intertidal benthic surfaces including a mud bed, a C. virginica oyster reef, and 2 restoration sites comprised of deposited C. virginica oyster shell or the relatively larger Busycotypus canaliculatus whelk shell. Mean estimates of the drag coefficient, C D , used as a measure of hydrodynamic roughness over the C. virginica reef were found to be 2 times greater than over the restoration sites and 5 times greater than over the mud bed. Enhanced fluid shear increased both peak Reynolds stresses and vertical momentum transport above the reef, but within the interstitial areas between individual oysters, velocities and turbulence were reduced. Larval settlement plates of varying triangular-shaped benthic roughness were used to mimic the natural topographic variability found along oyster reefs. The greatest larval recruitment occurred along interstitial regions between high-roughness topography, where shear stresses, which act to dislodge larvae, were found to be up to 20 times smaller than along exposed surfaces. Greater recruitment was also found on the more hydrodynamically rough whelk shell compared to the oyster shell restoration site. Results suggests that restoration efforts should consider creating 3-dimensional benthic topography similar to established oyster reefs to provide hydrodynamic conditions and settlement surfaces that promote larval recruitment, prevent burial by sediment, and provide refuge from predation.KEY WORDS: Turbulence · Boundary layers · Larvae · Recruitment · Oyster · Crassostrea virginica Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 463: [177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191] 2012 cess of their larvae (Nelson et al. 2004), with the goal of forming a living oyster reef over these created habitats after continued settlement and growth of generations of oysters (Nestle rode et al. 2007).Larvae preferentially settle on existing oyster reefs because they provide hard, stable substrate that contains topographic variability, thus preventing burial by sediments (Wethey 1986, Butman 1987, Koehl & Hadfield 2010 and offering protection from predation (Nestlerode et al. 2007). For reefs to develop, oysters must survive a planktonic larval phase that lasts for several weeks (Loosanoff 1965, attach to substrate, and grow from spat to large individuals. Studies have found that the higher the vertical relief of the benthic substrate, the more successful is the recruitment and growth of oysters (Lenihan 1999, Schulte et al. 2009). In addition, oysters within reef interstices were found to grow faster and live longer than oysters found at the reef surface (Bartol et al. 1999), suggesting that...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benthic flow environments affect recruitment of Crassostrea virginica larvae to an intertidal oyster reef

Whitman¹,

Reidenbach²

2012

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

111

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“…In the present study, one experiment showed no significant differences in oyster growth among oysters that were grown at the three bag heights (Figure 4), but another showed significantly faster growth (though only about 20% overall) of oysters in the top-level bags (Figure 9). Most previous research has found faster growth in gear, including bags and cages, that was held near the surface (presumably in faster water flow) than in near-bottom gear (Walton et al 2013;Archer et al 2014), but this is not always the case (Fredriksson et al 2010;Mallet et al 2013). Considered collectively, there is ample research that documents the strong effects of stocking density on oyster growth as well as gear-related factors that interact with it to determine food supply and oyster growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a similar but unpublished study, Newell and colleagues found empirically that water flow inside some of the bags that are typically used on oyster farms in New England is reduced to only ~1% of the ambient flow and deployment methods can affect the food fluxes that are available to the oysters (C. Newell, Pemaquid Oyster Co., personal communication). Fredriksson et al (2010) conducted the only published study of which we are aware that has examined the small-scale flow characteristics that are associated with oyster aquaculture trays. They did not, however, actually measure flow through the tray system.…”

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confidence: 99%

Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica Growth and Mortality in New Hampshire (USA) Using Off‐Bottom Farm Gear

et al. 2020

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Eastern oyster farm production has increased dramatically in the northeasternUnited States in recent decades. Farming methods vary, but different configurations of off-bottom "rack-and-bag" gear are commonly used and there is little published research on how different methods affect oyster growth. Field experiments were conducted during 2016-2018 on two farm sites in New Hampshire to assess the effects on oyster growth and mortality of different gear deployment configurations: (1) bag height above the bottom; (2) different combinations of oyster seed size, bag mesh size, and stocking density; (3) rack-and-bag versus bottom tray; (4) oyster seed size and over-winter mortality; and (5) envelope-versus box-style bags.Bag stocking density consistently had the strongest effect, with oyster growth being up to 3 times faster in bags that were stocked at 0.5 L compared with 2.0 L of wet oysters. Additionally, stocking density had a stronger effect on the oysters that were in 6-mm mesh bags than on those that were in 4-mm mesh bags. Oysters that were in bags in the top level of the rack grew significantly faster in one experiment but not in another. There was no significant difference in oyster growth comparing rack-and-bag and bottom trays. The over-winter mortality of oysters that were raised in rack-and-bag gear averaged 17% in one experiment and 46% in another. Early growth was similar for oysters that were deployed in box-and envelope-style bags, but by the final measurement (at 2.4 months) oysters in the box-style bags were 18% larger. The major findings were interpreted in the context of the notion that food supply and the factors affecting it have strong effects on the growth of farmed oysters, so this dynamic should drive strategies to improve gear deployment methods. Additionally, the typical situation of widely varying differences in uncontrollable factors (e.g., currents or phytoplankton concentrations) among sites and their effects on gear deployment methods may best be addressed by site-specific empirical studies that are conducted by farmers.In many areas, eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica aquaculture has been shifting from wild harvest in leased or otherwise permitted sites to a variety of gear-intensive methods that use hatchery-produced seed oysters (MacKenzie et al. 1997;Brennessel 2008). Seed oysters are initially grown in a nursery system (e.g., upwellers), and

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“…Like many other bivalve larvae, oyster larvae determine proper settlement sites depending upon local hydrodynamics and chemical cues (Fredriksson et al, 2010;Koehl and Hadfield, 2010). After contacting the bed, if they find their first landing site to be unsuitable, larvae can release themselves back into the flow and test the next site (Soniat et al, 2004;Fuchs et al, 2007).…”

Section: Oyster Reef/mudflatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear Dynamics and Alternative Stable States in Shallow Coastal Systems

McGlathery¹,

Reidenbach²,

D’Odorico³

et al. 2013

oceanog

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Figure 1. a conceptual framework for the study of interactions between the dynamics of marshes and shallow bays that are controlled by external drivers-sea level rise, storms, and sediment and nutrient supplies-and internal feedbacks. These feedbacks can lead to the emergence of thresholds, hysteresis, and alternative stable states, and induce an overall nonlinear response of shallow coastal environments to large-scale external drivers. understanding potential state transitions and how the occurrence of a regime shift in one subsystem propagates to others is a critical frontier in forecasting the long-term evolution of coastal systems.

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Biological and hydrodynamic design considerations for vertically oriented oyster grow out structures

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Benthic flow environments affect recruitment of Crassostrea virginica larvae to an intertidal oyster reef

Benthic flow environments affect recruitment of Crassostrea virginica larvae to an intertidal oyster reef

Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica Growth and Mortality in New Hampshire (USA) Using Off‐Bottom Farm Gear

Nonlinear Dynamics and Alternative Stable States in Shallow Coastal Systems

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