Biological Control of Greenhouse Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) with the ParasitoidEncarsia formosa:How Does It Work?

Lenteren, J.C. van; Roermund, H.J.W. van; Sütterlin, S.

doi:10.1006/bcon.1996.0001

Cited by 130 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This is consistent with experience from com mercial greenhouses, where biological control of whitefly is very easy on sweet pepper, successful and easy on tomato and gerbera, but more difficult on cucumber (van Lenteren et al, 1996). Development of partial resistance in cucumber might facilitate more reliable biological con trol of whitefly on this important greenhouse crop.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of plant tissue factors on the acceptance of four greenhouse vegetable host plants by the greenhouse whitefly: an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) study

Lei¹,

Lenteren²,

Xu³

2001

Eur. J. Entomol.

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A bstract.A combination o f biological control and host-plant resistance is needed to control greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vapo rariorum (Westwood). The high level o f susceptibility o f several host plants to whitefly, based on their performance on these plants, is well documented. These studies only provide information on the overall host-plant acceptance by whiteflies. Here, w e use a method that allows an examination o f the different tissue layers in the overall acceptance. The effects o f plant tissue factors on whitefly probing profiles were monitored using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) method. The EPGs o f whitefly originating from a culture on glasshouse cucumber, were recorded for 8 hours on sweet pepper, tomato, gerbera and cucumber plants produced in a glasshouse. On sweet pepper the graphs showed that whitefly made many short probes, had long xylem phases, short phloem phases, and the shortest duration o f first probes. An opposite probing profile was found on cucumber: longer probes, shorter xylem phases, fewer phloem phases but o f longer duration, and longer first probes. The values o f these parameters for gerbera and tomato were intermediate. Whiteflies encountered the greatest stimulation or the least resistance in the tissues o f cucumber, and the least stimulation or the greatest resistance in the tissues o f sweet pepper. Rejection o f host plants probably occurred before the phloem tissue was reached, as the probes prior to a whitefly leaving a host plant were so short that the stylets cannot have reached the phloem. But phloem factors also determine host-plant rejection, as phloem probing on sweet pepper -a poor host plant -was much shorter than on the other host plants. Resistance factors seem, therefore, to be located both in the epidermis/mesophyll and in the phloem. We hypothesize that the factors encountered by whitefly in the different tissue layers during probing contribute to the acceptance or rejection o f a host plant. Based on the performance o f whitefly on these plants, which is also reflected in the values of the EPG parameters, the order o f acceptance ranked from high to low is cucumber > tomato = gerbera > sweet pepper. INTRODUCTIONThe greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), is a serious pest of vegetables and ornamen tals growing in greenhouses and outside throughout the world (van Lenteren et al., 1992). This insect attacks more than 860 plant species from 469 genera and 121 families (Xu, 1994). Whitefly cause (a) direct damage by phloem sap ingestion, (b) indirect damage by transmitting plant viruses and other diseases (Cohen, 1990) and (c) decreased photosynthesis as a result of sooty moulds that develops on the honeydew excreted by the insect (Vet et al., 1980). One way of controlling whiteflies is through host-plant resistance . Complete host-plant resistance to insects has been found, and is employed against several insect pests, but is seldom per manent. Partial resistance against whitefly has been found in several plant species, ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Effects of plant tissue factors on the acceptance of four greenhouse vegetable host plants by the greenhouse whitefly: an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) study

Lei¹,

Lenteren²,

Xu³

2001

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…Another problem in many ornamental crops is that suitable oviposition sites (softer stems of flowers) are harvested, which removes a potential new generation of natural enemies from the greenhouse. The same problem can also occur on tomato with the deleafing practice (a common horticultural practice consisting of removing lower leaf strata), that has a strong negative influence on the development of mirid populations (Bonato and Ridray 2007) and E. formosa (by removing parasitized whitefly scales, van Lenteren et al 1996). These problems may be solved by adapting the de-leafing strategy.…”

Section: Oviposition Sites and Sheltersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches to conserving natural enemy populations in greenhouse crops: current methods and future prospects

Messelink¹,

Bennison

Alomar³

et al. 2014

BioControl

229

131

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Biological pest control in greenhouse crops is usually based on periodical releases of mass-produced natural enemies, and this method has been successfully applied for decades. However, in some cases there are shortcomings in pest control efficacy, which often can be attributed to the poor establishment of natural enemies. Their establishment and population numbers can be enhanced by providing additional resources, such as alternative food, prey, hosts, oviposition sites or shelters. Furthermore, natural enemy efficacy can be enhanced by using volatiles, adapting the greenhouse climate, avoiding pesticide side-effects and minimizing disrupting food web complexities. The special case of high value crops in a protected greenhouse environment offers tremendous opportunities to design and manage the system in ways that increase crop resilience to pest infestations. While we have outlined opportunities and tools to develop such systems, this review also identifies knowledge gaps, where additional research is needed to optimize these tools.

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“…Several species of aphelinid parasitoids have been used to help suppress populations of the two most economically important whitefly species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (tobacco whitefly) (both Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae; e.g. Gerling et al 2001;van Lenteren and Woets 1988;van Lenteren et al 1996). A number of these parasitoids are members of the genus Encarsia (Förster), such as Encarsia formosa (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperparasitism behaviour of the autoparasitoid Encarsia tricolor on two secondary host species

et al. 2008

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Hyperparasitism by virgin female Encarsia tricolor was studied by direct observation of its behaviour when contacting two secondary host species (Encarsia formosa and E. tricolor) at different host stages (first and second larval stage, third larval stage, and pupal stage). The searching and hyperparasitism behavioural sequence of E. tricolor was independent of the host stage of the whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella), and was similar to several related primary parasitoid species. In experiments with equal numbers of secondary hosts, encounter frequencies were equal for both secondary host species in all developmental stages observed.However, rates of hyperparastism were different according to host stage and host species. Hosts in the late larval stages were most preferred for hyperparasitization and the heterospecific E. formosa was more preferred as a secondary host than the conspecific, E. tricolor, in particular from the prepupal stage onwards. The window of vulnerability, i.e., the duration of the period in which a secondary host is susceptible to hyperparasitism, was largely determined by the occurrence and rate of melanization after the onset of pupation. The duration of a successful hyperparasitization event was longer than one that failed. Superparasitism occurred only once in all cases. The potential effect of autoparasitoids on biological control programs and the consequences for selection and release of an effective, yet ecologically safe agent are discussed.

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Biological Control of Greenhouse Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) with the ParasitoidEncarsia formosa:How Does It Work?

Cited by 130 publications

References 17 publications

Effects of plant tissue factors on the acceptance of four greenhouse vegetable host plants by the greenhouse whitefly: an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) study

Effects of plant tissue factors on the acceptance of four greenhouse vegetable host plants by the greenhouse whitefly: an Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) study

Approaches to conserving natural enemy populations in greenhouse crops: current methods and future prospects

Hyperparasitism behaviour of the autoparasitoid Encarsia tricolor on two secondary host species

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