Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid in North America: History, status, and outlook

Mayfield, Albert E.; Bittner, Tonya D.; Dietschler, Nicholas J; Elkinton, Joseph S.; Havill, Nathan P.; Keena, Melody A.; Mausel, David L.; Rhea, James R.; Salom, Scott M.; Whitmore, Mark C.

doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2023.105308

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…A similar regulatory mechanism is not observed in eastern North American populations and is likely responsible for A. tsugae's success as an invasive species (Wallace and Hain 2000;Mayfield III et al 2023). Natural enemies of A. tsugae from western North America have therefore been released as biological control agents in eastern North America, as well as natural enemies from Asia (Mayfield III et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…This hypothesis was supported in by detections of infestations in coastal Maine, Vermont, upstate New York, Ontario, evolution between A. tsugae and a suite of natural enemies that appears to regulate populations of the insect (Crandall et al 2022). A similar regulatory mechanism is not observed in eastern North American populations and is likely responsible for A. tsugae's success as an invasive species (Wallace and Hain 2000;Mayfield III et al 2023). Natural enemies of A. tsugae from western North America have therefore been released as biological control agents in eastern North America, as well as natural enemies from Asia (Mayfield III et al 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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The distribution of the hemlock woolly adelgid in Canada

MacQuarrie,

Gray,

Bullas-Appleton

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) has distinct native and invasive populations in Canada. On Canada's west coast the adelgid is a native insect feeding on western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. and mountain hemlock, Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carriere (Pinaceae). In eastern Canada, the adelgid is an invasive species that attacks and kills eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere (Pinaceae). We obtained all records of A. tsugae in institutional and public databases and develop updated range maps, phenologies and dispersal estimates for the species in British Columbia and eastern Canada. In British Columbia A. tsugae's distribution is centered around the lower mainland and on Vancouver Island but with populations in the interior and along the Pacific coast that have been poorly explored and which could be sources of biological control agents to manage invasive populations in the east. In eastern Canada, the adelgid has invaded all of southern Nova Scotia, portions of the Niagara region in Ontario as far west as Hamilton, and at least one site on the north shore of Lake Ontario. No populations have been found in New Brunswick, Quebec or Prince Edward Island. Finally, we estimated the rate of spread in Nova Scotia at 12.6 +/- 8.2 to 20.5 +/- 27.21 km/year.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%