Biological Detection of Explosives

Harper, Ross J.; Furton, Kenneth G.

doi:10.1016/b978-044452204-7/50032-8

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Headspace SPME was performed at different position placements on different types of explosives, and the results (figure 6) revealed that the odourant, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) was present in both 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT; high explosive) and doublebased smokeless powders (low explosive) [40]. Furthermore, Harper et al [36]. found that it may not be required for explosive detection canines to be trained on numerous cast and polymer based explosives, as there were common odourants present in a majority of the samples evaluated.…”

Section: (B) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the threat of serious injury or death, it is critical that explosive detection canines reliably train on a wide representation of both low and high explosives [36][37][38][39]. Headspace SPME was performed at different position placements on different types of explosives, and the results (figure 6) revealed that the odourant, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) was present in both 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT; high explosive) and doublebased smokeless powders (low explosive) [40].…”

Section: (B) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines

Furton

Caraballo

Cerreta

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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This paper explores the advances made in identifying trace amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that originate from forensic specimens, such as drugs, explosives, live human scent and the scent of death, as well as the probative value for detecting such odours. The ability to locate and identify the VOCs liberated from or left by forensic substances is of increasing importance to criminal investigations as it can indicate the presence of contraband and/or associate an individual to a particular location or object. Although instruments have improved significantly in recent decades—with sensitivities now rivalling that of biological detectors—it is widely recognized that canines are generally still more superior for the detection of odourants due to their speed, versatility, ruggedness and discriminating power. Through advancements in the detection of VOCs, as well as increased standardization efforts for instruments and canines, the reliability of odour as evidence has continuously improved and is likely to continue to do so. Moreover, several legal cases in which this novel form of evidence has been accepted into US courts of law are discussed. As the development and implementation of best practice guidelines for canines and instruments increase, their reliability in detecting VOCs of interest should continue to improve, expanding the use of odour as an acceptable form of forensic evidence.

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Section: (B) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (B) Explosivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines

Furton

Caraballo

Cerreta

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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“…In recent decades, canines have been reliably trained to detect explosives, ignitable liquids, narcotics, human scent and the discovered evidence has been successfully submitted in court of law [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Despite canines' wide potential for detection in many areas, they are most commonly used for explosive detection as a result of the growing threat of terrorism.…”

Section: A Non-contact Passive Approach For the Effective Collection mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Non-Contact Passive Approach for the Effective Collection of Target Explosive Volatiles for Canine Training Aid Development

Cl¹,

Am²,

Pa³

et al. 2016

Journal of Forensic Science & Criminology

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The use of real explosive materials for canine training involves inherent dangers, toxicity risks exposure, and often limited availability of the training material all of which may affect the reliable training of canine teams. For this reason, the development of a training aid suitable for daily operations is beneficial to provide safe and effective explosive detection training that can provide for enhanced detection capabilities. This study presents a non-contact passive approach for the collection of target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from real explosive materials to be used as potential canine training aids. This will also provide the ability for the creation of new training aids based on the rapid evolution of new explosive threats. Experiments were performed based on previously identified explosive signature volatiles such as 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2E1H), 2,3-dimethyl-dinitrobutane (DMNB), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT). Composition 4 (C4) explosive material was used for the static collection of the 2E1H and DMNB, as well as single based smokeless powder for the collection of 2,4-DNT. The samples were collected in a controlled environment and cotton gauze pads were used as the collection material. A time optimization analysis was conducted for all three target volatiles in time intervals of ranging from 0.5 to 120 minutes. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used along with gas chromatographymass spectrometry/electron capture detection (GC-MS/ECD) for extraction and confirmation of target volatiles. The results show that collection of characteristic volatiles are obtained after 15 min of exposing the gauze pad to 2E1H and 30 min was optimal for DMNB and 2-4, DNT. Overall, the results demonstrated the possibility to perform static collection of signature VOCs from real explosive materials onto a gauze pad via a non-contact passive method for its potential use as effective canine training aid.

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“…Several theories of olfactory activation in the canine's nose have been proposed (85), however basic olfaction in canines begins with the odorants entering the olfactory system via sniffing (86). The shape of a canine's nose is crucial for olfaction as the eternal nares direct air flow for both the inhalation and expiration of air (87).…”

Section: Trace Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The arrival of free Ca 2+ and Na + cations at the cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel increases the membrane potential resulting in the propagation of an action potential from the olfactory sensory neuron along the axon, through the cribiform plate, into the glomerulus and mitral cells, and finally through and olfactory tract which terminates in the brain where the signal is deduced (77,88,90). Multiple odorants are capable of activating a single olfactory receptor protein and single odorants have also been shown to activate multiple olfactory receptors, indicating that olfaction is a combinatorial process, allowing for canines to theoretically be capable of completing approximately one billion odor discriminations (91).…”

Section: Figure 8 Olfaction In the Caninementioning

confidence: 99%

The Development of Calibrants through Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds from Peroxide Based Explosives and a Non-target Chemical Calibration Compound

Beltz¹

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Biological Detection of Explosives

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines

Advances in the use of odour as forensic evidence through optimizing and standardizing instruments and canines

A Non-Contact Passive Approach for the Effective Collection of Target Explosive Volatiles for Canine Training Aid Development

The Development of Calibrants through Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds from Peroxide Based Explosives and a Non-target Chemical Calibration Compound

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