Biological Effects of New Titanium Surface Coatings Based on Ionic Liquids and HMGB1: A Cellular and Molecular Characterization in Lewis Rats

Abstract

High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) is a redox-sensitive molecule that plays dual roles in tissue healing and inflammation. We previously demonstrated that HMGB1 is stable when anchored by a well-characterized imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IonL), which serves as a delivery vehicle for exogenous HMGB1 to the site of injury and prevents denaturation from surface adherence. However, HMGB1 exists in different isoforms [fully reduced HMGB1 (FR), a recombinant version of FR resistant to oxidation (3S), disulfide HMGB1 (DS), and inactive sulfonyl HMGB1(SO)] that have distinct biological functions in health and disease. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of different recombinant HMGB1 isoforms on the host response using a rat subcutaneous implantation model. A total of 12 male Lewis rats (12–15 weeks) were implanted with titanium discs containing different treatments (n = 3/time point; Ti, Ti-IonL, Ti-IonL-DS, Ti-IonL-FR, and Ti-IonL-3S) and assessed at 2 and 14 days. Histological (H&E and Goldner trichrome staining), immunohistochemistry, and molecular analyses (qPCR) of surrounding implant tissues were employed for analysis of inflammatory cells, HMGB1 receptors, and healing markers. Ti-IonL-DS samples resulted in the thickest capsule formation, increased pro-inflammatory, and decreased anti-inflammatory cells, while Ti-IonL-3S samples demonstrated suitable tissue healing similar to uncoated Ti discs, as well as an upregulation of anti-inflammatory cells at 14 days compared to all other treatments. Thus, results from this study demonstrated that Ti-IonL-3S are safe alternatives for Ti biomaterials. Future studies are necessary to investigate the healing potential of Ti-IonL-3S in osseointegration scenarios.