Biological effects of surfactants, IV. Effects of non-ionics and amphoterics on HeLa cells

Ernst, Robert; Arditti, Joseph

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(80)90056-6

Cited by 30 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The Microtox bacteria may require a minimum surface tension to sustain light output (remain alive) in a similar manner to other types of organisms reported elsewhere; for example, lethal concentrations of surfactant coincide with an ST of 49 Ϯ 4 dynes/cm (ϭmN/m) for the freshwater coelenterate Hydra attenuata and the authors explain this as the level that probably disrupts the cell membranes [19]. For HeLa cells, lethal levels of surfactants coincided with surface tensions of 45 dynes/cm or below [20]. The cell-surfactant interaction for B16 melanoma cells is reported to be highly dependent on the CMC [21], where loss of cell viability occurs at surfactant concentrations below the CMC, but cell lysis only occurs at or near the CMC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A limitation of the microtox® test for toxicity measurements of nonionic surfactants

Sherrard

Marriott

McCormick

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-The Microtox" test was successfully used to measure EC50 values of nonionic polyethoxylate surfactants. However, toxicity measurements of real samples that contain surfactants above a particular concentration, termed the critical toxicity concentration (CTC) are not valid. These samples require dilution before the test is performed, and because the relationship between toxicity and concentration is not linear above the CTC, the EC50 cannot be extrapolated back to give the toxicity of the original concentrated sample and a true estimation of toxicity is therefore not possible. This phenomenon may be related to the minimum surface tension requirement of the bacteria or other physical properties of the surfactant such as the tendency to assemble at interfaces and surfaces and the tendency to form micelles.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

A limitation of the microtox® test for toxicity measurements of nonionic surfactants

Sherrard

Marriott

McCormick

et al. 1996

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Ernst and Arditti [20] also indicated that physical properties of surfactants are a principal cause of the toxic effects of these detergents in HeLa cells. These researchers observed that the toxicity of nonionics generally decreased inversely with increasing hydrophilic chain length and increased with increasing size of the lipophile.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of nonionic surfactants

Jahan

Balzer

Mosto

2008

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nonionic surfactants are amphilic chemicals that enhance desorption and bioavailability by increasing solubility and dispersion of poorly soluble hydrocarbons and oils. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of commercial nonionic surfactants by using the Microtox ® Acute Toxicity test which is a rapid, simple test for toxicity. The test uses the luminescent bacterium V. fischeri as the test organism. Five common commercial nonionic surfactants Tergitol NP-10, Triton X-100, Igepal 630, Brij 35 and Tween 40 were used in the study. Light readings were taken initially as well as at 0 minutes, 5 minutes and 10 minutes to see how the toxicity of each surfactant changed with time. Experiments were conducted to determine the five-minute EC 50 values. EC 50 is the effective concentration that causes a 50% decrease in light output in a 5-minute exposure period. A higher effective concentration is interpreted as a lower toxicity. The critical toxic concentration (CTC) was also determined. Toxicity of the surfactants varied according to their difference in chemical structures and branching. EC 50 values were less than the CTC and CMC values of all select surfactants. Higher toxicity was shown by surfactant solutions that contained a benzene ring in comparison to the others.

show abstract

“…Proteins solutions emulsified in organic phase were doubleemulsified in aqueous phase to form a water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion or protein dispersed in organic solvents were emulsified in aqueous phase to form an oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) (4,5). Thus, various emulsifiers have been employed to stabilize the multiple interfaces between two immiscible solvents, such as PVA and Tween ® (nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants), whose biocompatibility was not yet elucidated for in vivo applications (6,7). Therefore, several studies have been employing alternative strategies such as a melt dispersion method and an emulsifier-free emulsion method to eliminate or avoid the use of those surfactants for fabrication of microspheres (8,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrospun Chitosan Microspheres for Complete Encapsulation of Anionic Proteins: Controlling Particle Size and Encapsulation Efficiency

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Electrospinning was employed to fabricate chitosan microspheres by a single-step encapsulation of proteins without organic solvents. Chitosan in acetic acid was electrospun toward a grounded sodium carbonate solution at various electric potential and feeding rates. Electrospun microspheres became insoluble and solidified in the sodium carbonate solution by neutralization of chitosan acetate. When the freeze-dried microspheres were examined by scanning electron microscopy, the small particle size was obtained at higher voltages. This is explained by the chitosan droplet size at the electrospinning needle was clearly controllable by the electric potential. The recovery yield of chitosan microspheres was dependent on the concentration of chitosan solution due to the viscosity is the major factor affecting formation of chitosan droplet during curling of the electrospinning jets. For protein encapsulation, fluorescently labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) was codissolved with chitosan in the solution and electrospun. At higher concentration of sodium carbonate solution and longer solidification time in the solution, the encapsulation efficiency of the protein was confirmed to be significantly high. The high encapsulation efficiency was achievable by instant solidification of microspheres and electrostatic interactions between chitosan and BSA. Release profiles of BSA from the microspheres showed that the protein release was faster in acidic solution due to dissolution of chitosan. Reversed-phase chromatography of the released fractions confirmed that exposure of BSA to acidic solution during the electrospinning did not result in structural changes of the encapsulated protein.

show abstract

Biological effects of surfactants, IV. Effects of non-ionics and amphoterics on HeLa cells

Cited by 30 publications

References 8 publications

A limitation of the microtox® test for toxicity measurements of nonionic surfactants

A limitation of the microtox® test for toxicity measurements of nonionic surfactants

Toxicity of nonionic surfactants

Electrospun Chitosan Microspheres for Complete Encapsulation of Anionic Proteins: Controlling Particle Size and Encapsulation Efficiency

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About