Biological Evaluation of a Novel Tissue Engineering Scaffold of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)

Abstract

Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE) composed of three main parts: scaffold, cells and signaling factors. Several materials and composites are suggested as a scaffold for BTE. Biocompatibility is one of the most important property of a BTE scaffold. In this work synthesis of a novel nanocomposite including layered double hydroxides (LDH) and gelatin is carried out and its biological properties were studied. The co-precipitation (pH=11) method was used to prepare the LDH powder, using calcium nitrate, Magesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate salts as starting materials. The resulted precipitates were dried. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were used to characterize the synthesized powders. The results demonstrated the presence of nanocrystals of Ca-LDH and Mg-LDH as Hexagonal and Layered Morphology. The obtained powders were composed to gelatin via solvent casting method then freez dried. The scaffold was prepared via membrane lamination method from the resulted layers that linked together with gelatin as binder. In order to investigate the scaffold cytotoxicity MTT assay was done with a osteosarcoma cell line. No toxic response was observed in specimens. As a major result, it was demonstrated that the specimen showed a significant cellular response. Then osteosarcoma cells were cultured for 7-day and 14-day extract of powders. The composites osteoconductivity was investigate with cells alkaline phosphatase extraction. The results demonstrated that the Ca-LDH/gelatin composite scaffold has a good potential for bone tissue engineering applications and Mg-LDH specimen has a better osteconductivity.

Bone tissue engineering gelatin–hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide scaffolds with the ability to release vitamin D: fabrication, characterization, and in vitro study

“…Young's modulus (E) and toughness of the scaffolds under compressive stress are reported in Table 1. As the results show, Young's modulus of all scaffolds is in the range of spongy bone (20-500 MPa) [35]. Lowest E belongs to GH as the free ceramic phase lets gelatin chains move easily under compression, but on the other hand, GO in GHG0.5 has trapped gelatin chains through strong interactions and, because of the lowest amount of VD, GO planes are simply attached.…”

“…In this scaffold, the smallest and largest pores were around 150 and 450 µm, respectively. The most critical features in the GH scaffold are the interconnected pores, which could have a positive effect on cell attachments and the presence of HA particles in pores' walls and along with gelatin chains [35]. GHG0.5, GHG1, and GHG2 showed significant changes in the structure of the pores because of the addition of GO and VD.…”

Novel layered double hydroxides-hydroxyapatite/gelatin bone tissue engineering scaffolds: Fabrication, characterization, and in vivo study

“…In this study, LDH and a novel LDH-HA nanocomposite were utilized as initial powders. The composite specimen containing 75% LDH and 25% HA was synthetized through combining the HA synthesis route [21] with the LDH's [20] simultaneously in defined stoichiometric ratios -as described in our earlier work [19]. In details, the precursors Calcium nitrate (Merck, Germany) and Aluminum nitrate (Merck, Germany) were mixed and stirred in a reactor (Ashke Shishe, Iran).…”

“…The LDHs, also known as anionic clays, belong to the class of layered ceramics that have recently gained much attention. The anionic exchange capacity, and the ability of organic/inorganic anionic intercalation make them a great inorganic carrier [18][19][20] (Figure 2-c). In this study, we aimed to fabricate a novel BTE composite scaffold to facilitate the bone healing process.…”

Liver Tissue Engineering as an Emerging Alternative for Liver Disease Treatment

“…However, these methods had a significant role in the progress of the LTE field. 30,135 There are many methods used for TE approaches, including solvent-casting, [137][138][139][140] freeze-drying, 92,95,138,[141][142][143] electrospinning, [144][145][146][147] phase separation, 103,135 and gas foaming. 77 In this study, we represent some of these techniques that have been utilized in LTE.…”