Biological Factors, Metals, and Biomaterials Regulating Osteogenesis through Autophagy

Abstract

Bone loss raises great concern in numerous situations, such as ageing and many diseases and in both orthopedic and dentistry fields of application, with an extensive impact on health care. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms and the determinants that can regulate osteogenesis and ensure bone balance. Autophagy is a well conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, which is known to be highly active during differentiation and development. This review provides a revision of the literature on all the exogen factors that can modulate osteogenesis through autophagy regulation. Metal ion exposition, mechanical stimuli, and biological factors, including hormones, nutrients, and metabolic conditions, were taken into consideration for their ability to tune osteogenic differentiation through autophagy. In addition, an exhaustive overview of biomaterials, both for orthopedic and dentistry applications, enhancing osteogenesis by modulation of the autophagic process is provided as well. Already investigated conditions regulating bone regeneration via autophagy need to be better understood for finely tailoring innovative therapeutic treatments and designing novel biomaterials.

Endogenous Aβ induces osteoporosis through an mTOR-dependent inhibition of autophagy in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)

“…Previous studies have revealed that Aβ42 may affect cell autophagy in neurons (34)(35)(36), and defective autophagy has been reported in AD (37). Autophagy has also been found to be linked to osteogenesis (38)(39)(40). Therefore, we suspected that Aβ was able to regulate osteogenesis by altering autophagy in BMSCs.…”

Effects of Scoparone on differentiation, adhesion, migration, autophagy and mineralization through the osteogenic signalling pathways

“… 42 Autophagy‐related components play a role in bone metabolism and bone diseases by regulating the survival and function of bone tissue cells. 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 There is increasing evidence that shows that osteoblast differentiation and maturation are stimulated by autophagic process. 44 , 48 It was also reported that endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced by defective autophagy in osteoblasts, resulting in significant bone loss.…”

“… 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 There is increasing evidence that shows that osteoblast differentiation and maturation are stimulated by autophagic process. 44 , 48 It was also reported that endoplasmic reticulum stress is induced by defective autophagy in osteoblasts, resulting in significant bone loss. 49 Recently, natural compound‐induced autophagy has been shown to enhance osteoblast differentiation and maturation, as well as ameliorate bone diseases.…”

MiR-206 regulates the progression of osteoporosis via targeting HDAC4

“…Increasing the activity of hFOBs is one of the keys to prevent and treat metabolic bone diseases. Therefore, hFOBs was selected as the subject cell in this study [ 16 , 17 ]. hFOBs (Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China) were cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)/HAM F12 (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco), 1% triple antibiotic (penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin-B) (Solarbio), 0.6 mg/mL geneticin, and 2 mM l -glutamine (Gibco) at 37 ℃ temperature in a 5% CO 2 and a 95% humidified atmosphere for 2 days of incubation.…”