Biological/Genetic Regulation of Physical Activity Level

Lightfoot, J. Timothy; Geus, Eco J. C. de; Booth, Frank W.; Bray, Molly S.; Hoed, Marcel den; Kaprio, Jaakko; Kelly, Scott A.; Pomp, Daniel; Saul, Michael C.; Thomis, Martine; Garland, Theodore; Bouchard, Claude

doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001499

Cited by 89 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 145 publications

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“…Identification of specific sport and exercise-related genes are expected to be used for precision sports medicine to provide tailor-made training as well as to select optimal sports and/or other exercise activities for each individual. However, from previous candidate gene approaches and GWAS, there are very limited outcomes with clinical utility, and therefore a paradigm shift in sports genomics is urgently needed 29–33. However, with the exception of the Genetic-Biological Physical Activity Consortium (GenBioPAC),30 which is aimed at understanding genetic and other biological factors in the regulation of physical activity, there are no significant funded international consortia to meet this aim.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sport and exercise genomics: the FIMS 2019 consensus statement update

et al. 2020

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Rapid advances in technologies in the field of genomics such as high throughput DNA sequencing, big data processing by machine learning algorithms and gene-editing techniques are expected to make precision medicine and gene-therapy a greater reality. However, this development will raise many important new issues, including ethical, moral, social and privacy issues. The field of exercise genomics has also advanced by incorporating these innovative technologies. There is therefore an urgent need for guiding references for sport and exercise genomics to allow the necessary advancements in this field of sport and exercise medicine, while protecting athletes from any invasion of privacy and misuse of their genomic information. Here, we update a previous consensus and develop a guiding reference for sport and exercise genomics based on a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This SWOT analysis and the developed guiding reference highlight the need for scientists/clinicians to be well-versed in ethics and data protection policy to advance sport and exercise genomics without compromising the privacy of athletes and the efforts of international sports federations. Conducting research based on the present guiding reference will mitigate to a great extent the risks brought about by inappropriate use of genomic information and allow further development of sport and exercise genomics in accordance with best ethical standards and international data protection principles and policies. This guiding reference should regularly be updated on the basis of new information emerging from the area of sport and exercise medicine as well as from the developments and challenges in genomics of health and disease in general in order to best protect the athletes, patients and all other relevant stakeholders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sport and exercise genomics: the FIMS 2019 consensus statement update

et al. 2020

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“…Notably, VWR is one of the most widely studied behaviors in laboratory rodents [33–35]. Individual differences in VWR are highly repeatable on a day-to-day basis, the trait is heritable within outbred populations of rodents, and genes and genomic regions associated with VWR are being identified [36]. Moreover, some of the underlying causes of variation in VWR have been elucidated, in terms of both motivation and ability for voluntary exercise [34, 37, 38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coadaptation of the chemosensory system with voluntary exercise behavior in mice

Nguyen

Hillis

Katada

et al. 2020

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Ethologically relevant chemical senses and behavioral habits are likely to coadapt in response to selection. As olfaction is involved in intrinsically motivated behaviors in mice, we hypothesized that selective breeding for a voluntary behavior would enable us to identify novel roles of the chemosensory system. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) is an intrinsically motivated and naturally rewarding behavior, and even wild mice run on a wheel placed in nature. We have established 4 independent, artificially evolved mouse lines by selectively breeding individuals showing high VWR activity (High Runners; HRs), together with 4 non-selected Control lines, over 88 generations. We found that several sensory receptors in specific receptor clusters were differentially expressed between the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of HRs and Controls. Moreover, one of those clusters contains multiple single-nucleotide polymorphism loci for which the allele frequencies were significantly divergent between the HR and Control lines, i.e., loci that were affected by the selective breeding protocol. These results indicate that the VNO has become genetically differentiated between HR and Control lines during the selective breeding process, strongly suggesting the chemosensory receptors as quantitative trait loci (QTL) for voluntary exercise in mice. We propose that olfaction may play an important role in motivation for voluntary exercise in mammals.

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“…In recent years, multiple studies investigating the impact of physical activity on health have been funded by organizations such as the European Union, the World Health Organization, and the International Olympic Committee. Despite increasing expenditures on the promotion of active lifestyles, most populations fail to achieve the recommended level of daily physical activity (Laaksonen et al, 2001;Drygas et al, 2001Drygas et al, , 2005Varo et al, 2003;Adams and Schoenborn, 2006;Haskell et al, 2007;Lightfoot et al, 2018;Kurita et al, 2019). There is a growing need to also examine intrinsic factors that determine variations in individual levels of physical activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%