Biological Methods for the Disposal of Coumaphos Waste

Shelton, Daniel R.; Karns, Jeffrey S.; Hapeman-Somich, Cathleen J.

doi:10.1021/bk-1992-0510.ch019

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…and Pseudomonas diminuta MG and recombinant strains of Escherichia coli . OP hydrolase from these strains has been shown to hydrolyze CP to chlorferon [3‐chloro‐4‐methyl‐7‐hydroxy‐coumarin] and diethylthiophosphate (12 − 14), rendering it more susceptible to subsequent degradation; however, in a field trial the strains failed to grow in cattle dip solutions, which suggested this was not a practical approach (15). Possible reasons for failure of E. coli to grow in the cattle dip solution include toxicity of CP in high concentrations, lack of essential nutrients in the dip solution, or low temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced‐Rate Biodegradation of Organophosphate Neurotoxins by Immobilized Nongrowing Bacteria

Kim

Rainina

Mulbry

et al. 2002

Biotechnology Progress

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Pesticide wastes generated from livestock dipping operations containing the organophosphate (OP) insecticide coumaphos (CP) are well suited for disposal by biodegradation since they are highly concentrated (approximately 1 g/L), generally contained, and lack additional toxic components. In this study, a significantly enhanced efficiency of degrading CP in cattle dip waste (CDW) is reported using a dense, nongrowing cell population that functions without the addition of nutrients required for growing cell cultures. A recombinant strain of Escherichia coli containing the opd gene for organophosphate hydrolase (OPH), which is capable of active hydrolysis of OP neurotoxins including CP, was cultivated in a rich medium containing all essential nutrients. Cells were harvested and utilized in lab scale experiments in the form of either freely suspended cells or cells immobilized within a macroporous gel matrix, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cryogel. Significantly higher degradation rates were achieved with either suspended or immobilized OPH(+) cells compared to rates with the microbial consortium naturally present in CDW. Of the two nongrowing cell systems, the detoxification rate with immobilized cells was approximately twice that of freely suspended cells, and kinetic studies demonstrated that a higher maximum reaction rate was achieved with the immobilized cell system. A comparative study using both the CDW and pure CP substrates with free cells indicated that the CDW contained one or more factors that reduced the bioavailability of CP. The immobilized cells retained their activity over a 4-month period of use and storage, demonstrating both sustained catalytic activity and long-term mechanical stability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced‐Rate Biodegradation of Organophosphate Neurotoxins by Immobilized Nongrowing Bacteria

Kim

Rainina

Mulbry

et al. 2002

Biotechnology Progress

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“…The initial radioactivity concentration in the vats was 4415, 4395, 4449, and 4655 dpm/ml in vats 1,2,3, and 4, respectively. Shelton et al (7) reported that microbial consortia degraded the pesticide effectively. Similar experiments in Panama showed that the pH of the model vats changed from 7.5 to 8.8 in 111 days (5); in Philippines in plastic vats pH increased from 7.0 to 8.1 (6).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and Degradation of Coumaphos in Model Cattle Dipping Vats

Jindal

Singh

Agarwal³

2002

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B

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The stability of coumaphos [O,O-diethyl O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7 yl)phosphorothioatel was studied in model dipping vats under field conditions using 14C-labelled and unlabelled coumaphos, with or without additives. The stability of coumaphos in model vats increased significantly by maintaining a pH of 5 by addition of superphosphate. Copper sulphate amendment did not seem to have any additional effect on stability. Potasan was the major metabolite in addition to chlorferon and 4-methylumbelliferone. Coumaphos concentration was doubled in the sediment of vat treated with copper sulphate as compared to the control vat as a result of emulsion breakdown. Chlorferon was the only metabolite detected in the sediment of the former vat indicating inhibition of the anaerobic degradation.

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“…Under these conditions, business enterprises are free to publicize their participation in the UN Global Compact. 215 This is supposed to provide the best incentives for companies to adhere. In addition, engagement by the private sector also includes the commitment to work in a transparent and accountable manner, particularly to be prepared to respond to NGO observations and critiques on the Compact website.…”

Section: The Un Global Compactmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Emergence of International Standards

Morgera¹

2020

Corporate Environmental Accountability in International Law

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This chapter provides a short theoretical discussion on the role of standards, as opposed to rules and principles, in the progressive development of international law. The chapter also assesses the conceptual and legal relevance of each initiative, namely: the UN draft Code of Conduct on Transnational Corporations, the UN Global Compact, the UN Norms on the Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises with regard to Human Rights, the influential UN Framework on Business and Human Rights and its Guiding Principles, the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Performance Standards of the International Finance Corporation. The chapter discusses the different conceptual approaches taken by these initiatives and assesses the extent to which current human rights-based approaches have built upon the earlier consolidation of international corporate environmental accountability standards and the extent to which they contribute to further detailing these standards.

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Biological Methods for the Disposal of Coumaphos Waste

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Enhanced‐Rate Biodegradation of Organophosphate Neurotoxins by Immobilized Nongrowing Bacteria

Enhanced‐Rate Biodegradation of Organophosphate Neurotoxins by Immobilized Nongrowing Bacteria

Persistence and Degradation of Coumaphos in Model Cattle Dipping Vats

The Emergence of International Standards

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