Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Inorganic Lead

Skerfving, Staffan

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0961-1_7

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Thus the country and district and grade of urbanization must be specified. In urban areas, B-Pb is usually higher than in rural ones due to pollution from industries and traffic (4). The year of sampling can be related to the use of leaded or unleaded gasoline in a region.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead intake from food and water has a great impact on B-Pb in the general population (4,13). Alcoholic beverages (eg, wine) may contain lead.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absorption of lead from the gastroi~ltestinal tract is about 10% in adults, but can be considerably higher in children (4). It increases when a person's diet is deficient in calcium and iron.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, there is a nonlinear relationship between B-Pb and lead exposure and uptake, irrespective of the route of uptake (6). Second, there is a nonlinear relationship between B-Pb, and lead in other indicator media, such as plasma, urine, and milk.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, there is a nonlinear relationship between B-Pb, and lead in other indicator media, such as plasma, urine, and milk. Third, there is also a nonlinear relationship between different metabolic and toxic effects such as disturbed heme synthesis and B-Pb (6). From the nonlinear relationship it follows that B-Pb is a more sensitive index at low exposure levels as compared with high ones.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood

Gerhardsson

Kazantzis²,

Schütz³

1996

Scand J Work Environ Health

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. Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood. 1996;22:325-31. Scand J Work Environ HealthAs a part of the global Tracy project, whose aim is to define metal concentrations in tissues and body fluids of reference populations, more than 1000 papers published from 1980 to 1994 were scrutinized that presented tentative reference values for lead in blood in occupationally unexposed adult populations. Ten studies exemplifying criteria for proper sampling, analysis and data treatment are presented and discussed. Levels of lead in blood are influenced by numerous factors. Accordingly, a wide variation in blood lead concentrations was observed. As an example, in a global study in 1983 of nonsmoking female schoolteachers, the geometric mean value for lead in blood varied from 52 yg . I-' in Tolcyo, Japan, up to 193 yg . I-' in Mexico City. The Tracy survey de~uonstrates the importance of factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, food, drinking and smoking habits, hobbies, season and year of sampling, residential area, and geographic location. Lead in blood was shown to be both time and area specific. Thus it was not possible to establish a general reference value for lead in blood.Key terms inorganic lead.Lead has many uses in society. World-wide emission of lead occurs through the use of leaded gasoline (1). Industrial emissions may also contribute, in some areas, to increased lead levels in air, food, and water. Lead has been a constituent in house paint in some countries (2). Furthermore, the use of lead pipes in fresh water systems and the use of lead-glazed household ceramics may substantially increase lead intake (3).The absorption of lead from the gastroi~ltestinal tract is about 10% in adults, but can be considerably higher in children (4). It increases when a person's diet is deficient in calcium and iron. In occupational settings, the main intake is through inhalation. Absorption through the respiratory tract is influenced by the size and solubility of the inhaled particles.After absorption into blood plasma, lead is quicltly taken up by the red blood cells, which contain about 99% of the lead in whole blood (5). Thus far, lead in whole blood (B-Pb) has been the main indicator medium used for the biological ~nonitoring of humans. As an indicator of exposure and of internal dose, B-Pb is a mandatory requirement for the biological monitoring of lead-exposed worl

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Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lead intake from food and water has a great impact on B-Pb in the general population (4,13). Alcoholic beverages (eg, wine) may contain lead.…”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood

Gerhardsson

Kazantzis²,

Schütz³

1996

Scand J Work Environ Health

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Clinical evaluation and management of lead‐exposed construction workers

Levin

Goldberg

2000

Am J Ind Med

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An estimated one million construction workers are currently occupationally exposed to lead. Until 1993, construction workers were not offered the protections of OSHA's 1978 standard for lead exposure in industrial activities. Preventing exposure to lead in the construction setting presents many challenges, given the rapidly and frequently changing work environment.This article reviews the adverse effects of lead on human health and presents an approach to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of lead-related illness. The medical aspects of the 1993 OSHA standard for lead in construction are described. Am.

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Lead

Gerhardsson¹

2004

Elements and Their Compounds in the Environment

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Biological Monitoring of Exposure to Inorganic Lead

Cited by 47 publications

References 113 publications

Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood

Evaluation of selected publications on reference values for lead in blood

Clinical evaluation and management of lead‐exposed construction workers

Lead

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