Biological monitoring of low level exposure to benzene in an oil refinery: Effect of modulating factors

Carrieri, Mariella; Spatari, Giovanna; Tranfo, Giovanna; Sapienza, Daniela; Scapellato, Maria Luisa; Bartolucci, Giovanni Battista; Manno, Maurizio

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.001

Cited by 33 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…They also assessed a group of agricultural workers without any occupational exposure who lived in the same area, whose tt MA and S -PMA results were 43.4 ± 48.7 μg g −1 Cr and 0.58 ± 1.15 μg g −1 Cr, respectively. The S -PMA concentrations of the workers from Group I and Group II in our study were lower than those found for the oil refinery workers by Carrieri et al [60], but higher than the agricultural workers in the same study, constituting an intermediate level of environmental and occupational exposure. However, the tt MA values of both groups of workers in Italy were higher than those of the two groups of workers in Brazil in this study, possibly because tt MA is influenced by different cultural habits of each country as eating.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

“…The levels of tt MA encountered in the urine samples of the workers from Group I and Group II were below the baseline levels reported in the literature, which vary from <0.01 to 0.66 mg g −1 Cr [61,62]. Recent studies have investigated the association between urine tt MA concentrations and occupational/environmental exposure to benzene, suggesting that tt MA is not sensitive enough as a biomarker for monitoring exposure to benzene at concentrations below 0.1 ppm, which is the situation of the study population here [60,63,64]. Melikian et al [65] did an extensive study of the specificity and sensitivity of the biomarkers of benzene, tt MA and S -PMA, at low exposure levels and found that the variation in the percentage of benzene transformed into S -PMA and tt MA diminished as the concentration of benzene itself diminished, especially the conversion of benzene into tt MA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…A study by Carrieri et al [60], that evaluated workers at an oil refinery in southern Italy, found tt MA and S -PMA concentrations of 79.6 ± 110.1 μg g −1 Cr and 4.13 ± 7.75 μg g −1 Cr, respectively. They also assessed a group of agricultural workers without any occupational exposure who lived in the same area, whose tt MA and S -PMA results were 43.4 ± 48.7 μg g −1 Cr and 0.58 ± 1.15 μg g −1 Cr, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Assessment and Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers Related to Chronic Occupational Exposure to Benzene

Costa‐Amaral

Carvalho

Santos

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Environmental and occupational exposure to benzene from fuels is a major cause for concern for national and international authorities, as benzene is a known carcinogen in humans and there is no safe limit for exposure to carcinogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic effects of chronic occupational exposure to benzene among two groups of workers: filling station workers (Group I) and security guards working at vehicles entrances (Group II), both on the same busy highway in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sociodemographic data on the workers were evaluated; the concentration of benzene/toluene (B/T) in atmospheric air and individual trans,trans-muconic acid (ttMA) and S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) were measured; oxidative stress was analyzed by catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiol groups (THIOL) and malondialdehyde (MDA); genotoxicity was measured by metaphases with chromosomal abnormalities (MCA) and nuclear abnormalities, comet assay using the enzyme formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (C-FPG), and methylation of repetitive element LINE-1, CDKN2B and KLF6 genes. Eighty-six workers participated: 51 from Group I and 35 from Group II. The B/T ratio was similar for both groups, but Group I had greater oscillation of benzene concentrations because of their work activities. No differences in ttMA and S-PMA, and no clinical changes were found between both groups, but linearity was observed between leukocyte count and ttMA; and 15% of workers had leukocyte counts less than 4.5 × 109 cells L−1, demanding close worker’s attention. No differences were observed between the two groups for THIOL, MDA, MCA, or nuclear abnormalities. A multiple linear relationship was obtained for the biomarkers MCA and C-FPG. A significant correlation was found between length of time in current job and the biomarkers C-FPG, MCA, GST, and MDA. Although both populations had chronic exposure to benzene, the filling station workers were exposed to higher concentrations of benzene during their work activities, indicating an increased risk of DNA damage.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Assessment and Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers Related to Chronic Occupational Exposure to Benzene

Costa‐Amaral

Carvalho

Santos

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Gasoline station attendants are an important group at occupational risk to BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylene) compounds [1–3]. Among the constituents of gasoline, benzene stands out for its hazardous effects on human health [4–6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are health concerns for workers related to low levels of occupational exposure. These concerns are linked to the fact that benzene is a well-recognized genotoxic human carcinogen, classified as a Group I chemical by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and without any known threshold dose [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers in gasoline station attendants

Moro

Saüer

Brucker

et al. 2019

BMC Pharmacol Toxicol

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BackgroundGasoline is a complex mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, in which aromatic compounds, such as BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylene) feature as the main constituents. Simultaneous exposure to these aromatic hydrocarbons causes a significant impact on benzene toxicity. In order to detect early alterations caused in gasoline station attendants exposed to BTX compounds, immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated.MethodsA total of 66 male subjects participated in this study. The gasoline station attendants (GSA) group consisted of 38 gasoline station attendants from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The non-exposed group consisted of 28 subjects who were non-smokers and who had no history of occupational exposure. Environmental and biological monitoring of BTX exposure was performed using blood and urine.ResultsThe GSA group showed increased BTX concentrations in relation to the non-exposed group (p < 0.001). The GSA group showed elevated protein carbonyl (PCO) levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines, decreased expression of CD80 and CD86 in monocytes, and reduced glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity compared to the non-exposed group (p < 0.05). BTX levels and trans,trans-muconic acid levels were positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines and negatively correlated with interleukin-10 contents (p < 0.001). Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were accompanied by increased PCO contents and decreased GST activity (p < 0.001). Furthermore, according to the multiple linear regression analysis, benzene exposure was the only factor that significantly contributed to the increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05).ConclusionsTaken together, these findings show the influence of exposure to BTX compounds, especially benzene, on the immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers evaluated. Furthermore, the data suggest the relationship among the evaluated biomarkers of effect, which could contribute to providing early signs of damage to biomolecules in subjects occupationally exposed to BTX compounds.

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Utility of a next generation framework for assessment of genomic damage: A case study using the industrial chemical benzene

Luijten

Ball²,

Dearfield

et al. 2019

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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We recently published a next generation framework for assessing the risk of genomic damage via exposure to chemical substances. The framework entails a systematic approach with the aim to quantify risk levels for substances that induce genomic damage contributing to human adverse health outcomes. Here, we evaluated the utility of the framework for assessing the risk for industrial chemicals, using the case of benzene. Benzene is a wellstudied substance that is generally considered a genotoxic carcinogen and is known to cause leukemia. The case study limits its focus on occupational and general population health as it relates to benzene exposure. Using the framework as guidance, available data on benzene considered relevant for assessment of genetic damage were collected. Based on these data, we were able to conduct quantitative analyses for relevant data sets to estimate acceptable exposure levels and to characterize the risk of genetic damage. Key observations include the need for robust exposure assessments, the importance of information on toxicokinetic properties, and the benefits of cheminformatics. The framework points to the need for further improvement on understanding of the mechanism(s) of action involved, which would also provide support for the use of targeted tests rather than a prescribed set of assays. Overall, this case study demonstrates the utility of the next generation framework to quantitatively model human risk on the basis of genetic damage, thereby enabling a new, innovative risk assessment concept. Environ.

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Biological monitoring of low level exposure to benzene in an oil refinery: Effect of modulating factors

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Environmental Assessment and Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers Related to Chronic Occupational Exposure to Benzene

Environmental Assessment and Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Biomarkers Related to Chronic Occupational Exposure to Benzene

Evaluation of immunological, inflammatory, and oxidative stress biomarkers in gasoline station attendants

Utility of a next generation framework for assessment of genomic damage: A case study using the industrial chemical benzene

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