Biological Monitoring of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances:  A Review

Houde, Magali; Martin, Jonathan W.; Letcher, Robert J.; Solomon, Keith R.; Muir, Derek C.G.

doi:10.1021/es052580b

Cited by 1,132 publications

(814 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Interestingly, the concentration profile of PFOS and PFNA in Baikal seal liver was unique; the mean ((SD) concentration ratio of PFNA to PFOS in individual seals was 1.7 ( 6.3. In contrast to the predominance of PFNA in Baikal seal, PFOS has been found previously to be the most abundant PFC in most wildlife species from various locations (28). A previous study showed that the concentrations of PFNA (mean 16 ng/g) were approximately 2-fold greater than those of PFOS (mean 8.7 ng/g) in the liver of mink (Mustela vison) collected from Watson Lake, Yukon (7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contamination and Effects of Perfluorochemicals in Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica). 1. Residue Level, Tissue Distribution, and Temporal Trend

Ishibashi

Iwata

Kim

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Concentrations of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) including perfluoroalkylsulfonates (PFSAs) and perfluoroalkylcarboxylates (PFCAs) were determined in liver and serum of Baikal seals (Pusa sibirica) collected from Lake Baikal, Russia in 2005. Among the 10 PFC compounds measured, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA, 3.3-72 ng/g wet wt) concentrations were the highest in liver, followed by perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS, 2.6-38 ng/ g). The accumulation profile of long-chain (C7-C12) PFCAs in particular, the predominance of PFNA, indicated that 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol or commercially manufactured PFNA is a major local source of PFCs in Lake Baikal. No gender-related differences in the concentrations of individual PFCs or total PFCs were found. Tissues from pups and juveniles contained relatively higher concentrations of PFCs than tissues from subadults and adults, suggesting that maternal transfer of PFCs is of critical importance. Comparison of concentrations of PFCs in livers and sera collected from the same individuals of Baikal seals revealed that residue levels of PFOS, PFNA, perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were significantly higher in liver than in serum. The concentration ratios of PFNA and PFDA between liver and serum were calculated to be 14 and 15, respectively, whereas the ratio of PFOS was 2.4. This suggests preferential retention of both PFNA and PFDA in liver. Concentrations of PFOS, PFNA, and PFDA in liver were significantly correlated with those in serum, whereas concentrations of PFUnDA were not correlated in between the two tissues, suggesting differences in pharmacokinetics among these PFCs. Temporal comparisons of hepatic PFC concentrations in seals collected between 1992 and 2005 showed that the concentrations of PFOS (p ) 0.0006), PFNA (p ) 0.061) and PFDA (p ) 0.017) were higher in animals collected in recent years, indicating ongoing sources of PFC contamination in Lake Baikal.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Contamination and Effects of Perfluorochemicals in Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica). 1. Residue Level, Tissue Distribution, and Temporal Trend

Ishibashi

Iwata

Kim

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Perfluorooctanoic acid was not detected in most sea turtle species from most locations, however, it is a common PFC measured in human plasma [3] and is frequently detected in fish and marine mammals [3], but most often at concentrations lower than PFOS. The lack of PFOA in most turtles suggests that they are either less exposed to this compound or they have an efficient pathway to eliminate this compound from their blood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The most studied and commonly detected PFCs in the environment are perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). These substances have been detected in human and wildlife samples worldwide, including several species of seabirds and marine mammals [3,4] and have been shown to biomagnify in various food webs [4][5][6]. Two studies have previously reported PFCs in sea turtle samples, with interesting contrasts between species, as well as geographical and temporal differences in PFC concentrations [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in plasma of five sea turtle species: Comparisons in concentration and potential health risks

Keller

Ngai

McNeill

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-The authors compared blood plasma concentrations of 13 perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs) in five sea turtle species with differing trophic levels. Wild sea turtles were blood sampled from the southeastern region of the United States, and plasma was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the predominant PFC, increased with trophic level from herbivorous greens (2.41 ng/g), jellyfish-eating leatherbacks (3.95 ng/g), omnivorous loggerheads (6.47 ng/g), to crab-eating Kemp's ridleys (15.7 ng/g). However, spongivorous hawksbills had surprisingly high concentrations of PFOS (11.9 ng/g) and other PFCs based on their trophic level. These baseline concentrations of biomagnifying PFCs demonstrate interesting species and geographical differences. The measured PFOS concentrations were compared with concentrations known to cause toxic effects in laboratory animals, and estimated margins of safety (EMOS) were calculated. Small EMOS (<100), suggestive of potential risk of adverse health effects, were observed for all five sea turtle species for immunosuppression. Estimated margins of safety less than 100 were also observed for liver, thyroid, and neurobehavorial effects for the more highly exposed species. These baseline concentrations and the preliminary EMOS exercise provide a better understanding of the potential health risks of PFCs for conservation managers to protect these threatened and endangered species.

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“…Categories of chemicals that have a greater tendency to be ionogenic include surfactants (anionic and cationic), pharmaceuticals (predominantly bases), and some classes of pesticides (e.g., systemic herbicides and fungicides) [1][2][3]. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are among the most widely known group of ionogenic organic chemicals (IOCs) due to public health concerns and the research effort dedicated to understanding the fate, transport, and bioaccumulation potential of these compounds over the past decade [4][5][6]. Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals has also become an increasingly important issue from both a research and a regulatory perspective [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and evaluation of a mechanistic bioconcentration model for ionogenic organic chemicals in fish

Armitage

Arnot

Wania

et al. 2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

159

241

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Abstract-A mechanistic mass balance bioconcentration model is developed and parameterized for ionogenic organic chemicals (IOCs) in fish and evaluated against a compilation of empirical bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The model is subsequently applied to a set of perfluoroalkyl acids. Key aspects of model development include revised methods to estimate the chemical absorption efficiency of IOCs at the respiratory surface (E W ) and the use of distribution ratios to characterize the overall sorption capacity of the organism. Membranewater distribution ratios (D MW ) are used to characterize sorption to phospholipids instead of only considering the octanol-water distribution ratio (D OW ). Modeled BCFs are well correlated with the observations (e.g., r 2 ¼ 0.68 and 0.75 for organic acids and bases, respectively) and accurate to within a factor of three on average. Model prediction errors appear to be largely the result of uncertainties in the biotransformation rate constant (k M ) estimates and the generic approaches for estimating sorption capacity (e.g., D MW ). Model performance for the set of perfluoroalkyl acids considered is highly dependent on the input parameters describing hydrophobicity (i.e., log K OW of the neutral form). The model applications broadly support the hypothesis that phospholipids contribute substantially to the sorption capacity of fish, particularly for compounds that exhibit a high degree of ionization at biologically relevant pH. Additional empirical data on biotransformation and sorption to phospholipids and subsequent incorporation into property estimation approaches (e.g., k M , D MW ) are priorities with respect to improving model performance. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:115-128. # 2012 SETAC

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Biological Monitoring of Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Review

Cited by 1,132 publications

References 78 publications

Contamination and Effects of Perfluorochemicals in Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica). 1. Residue Level, Tissue Distribution, and Temporal Trend

Contamination and Effects of Perfluorochemicals in Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica). 1. Residue Level, Tissue Distribution, and Temporal Trend

Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in plasma of five sea turtle species: Comparisons in concentration and potential health risks

Development and evaluation of a mechanistic bioconcentration model for ionogenic organic chemicals in fish

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