Biological Patterns in Hypertension by Race, Sex, Body Weight, and Skin Color

Boyle, Edwin

doi:10.1001/jama.1970.03170360035006

Cited by 126 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The findings across these studies have been inconsistent. Boyle 16 was able to demonstrate a graded, age-adjusted linear increase in both SBP and DBP with increasing skin darkness among black men and women participating in the Charleston Heart Study. However, in 2 follow-up studies of this cohort, Keil et al 17,18 found no association between skin color and the incidence of hypertension after controlling for either education or other measures of social class.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Relationship Between Skin Color and Blood Pressure in Egyptian Adults

et al. 2000

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Abstract-In many, but not all societies, dark skin color is associated with high blood pressure. Whether the association between skin color and blood pressure is independent of known determinants of blood pressure remains controversial. We examined the association between skin color and blood pressure in 835 Egyptian adults (370 men and 465 women) participating in the National Hypertension Project, a national survey of hypertension prevalence and blood pressurerelated complications conducted in Egypt during 1991-1993. Skin color was assessed by measuring the concentration of cutaneous melanin in an unexposed area with the use of reflectance spectrophotometry. Higher concentrations of melanin were associated with lower body mass index, less education, manual labor (among men), and a lower urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (among women). In multivariate regression analyses adjusted for age, body mass index, and education, there was a significant nonlinear association between blood pressure and skin color among women; in the lower to intermediate range of skin pigmentation, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were higher in women with greater concentrations of cutaneous melanin. In men, blood pressure was not associated with skin color. When we used a subjective assessment of skin color, there was no significant difference in blood pressure between black-skinned Egyptians (predominantly of Nubian descent) and fair-skinned Egyptians for either gender. While the significant relationship in women appeared to be independent of known risk factors for hypertension, residual confounding may explain the association. (Hypertension. 2000;36:296-302.)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Relationship Between Skin Color and Blood Pressure in Egyptian Adults

et al. 2000

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“…3 ' 6> 6 In the Charleston Heart Study, black women had greater blood pressure than black men at all ages over 35 and the rise with age was steeper in the black women. 19 Black women and black men had similar blood pressures at all ages between 8 and 65 years in the Muscogee County Georgia Study except for slightly higher systolic blood pressure in women after age 35.' In Evans County, systolic blood pressure was higher in black women than in black men after age 25; diastolic blood pressure was also higher in black women than black men."…”

Section: Personal Characteristics and Blood Pressurementioning

confidence: 92%

Pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks and whites. A review of the basis of racial blood pressure differences.

Gillum¹

1979

Hypertension

180

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SUMMARY Differences in blood pressure between blacks and whites in the UnitedStates are now well documented. The causes of these differences remain speculative. Genetic factors, personal characteristics, renal physiology, endocrine factors, autonomic nervous system function, cardiac function and various environmental factors are examined in the present review as potential determinants of racial blood pressure differences. Racial differences in renal physiology and environmental influences such as socioeconomic status seem to be likely candidates for important contributions to blood pressure differences. Further research aimed specifically at black-white blood pressure differences is of great importance to a fundamental understanding of the etiology and prevention of essential hypertension. (Hypertension 1: 468-475, 1979) KEY WORDS • hypertension • blood pressure • blacks • Negro • race pathophysiology • epidemiology S EVERAL decades after the advent of a reliable method for indirect measurement of blood pressure, reports of population surveys of blood pressure began to appear. The first systematic surveys were in whites only. However, in the 193O's, data began to emerge suggesting higher blood pressure levels in blacks in selected populations.

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“…24,25 Hypertensive black subjects show a greater sensitivity to the pressure effects of noradrenaline and this is enhanced by a high-sodium diet. 26 The possible relationship between skin colour and BP has been studied in two cross-sectional studies, one in Charleston 27 and the other in Detroit 28 in the USA. The studies show a direct relationship between skin colour and BP.…”

Section: National Health and Nutritional Survey (Nhanes)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertension in black South Africans

1999

J Hum Hypertens

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Hypertension is a major disease in the black populations of sub-Saharan Africa and the USA. The prevalence of hypertension varies from 1-30% in the adult population. Differences in blood pressure (BP) between black and white patients have been documented. In this review genetic, endocrine and environmental characteristics, renal physiology and cardiac function are reviewed. Racial differences in renal physiology and socio-economic status seem to account for BP differences. Black hypertensive patients in sub-Saharan

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Biological Patterns in Hypertension by Race, Sex, Body Weight, and Skin Color

Cited by 126 publications

References 3 publications

Relationship Between Skin Color and Blood Pressure in Egyptian Adults

Relationship Between Skin Color and Blood Pressure in Egyptian Adults

Pathophysiology of hypertension in blacks and whites. A review of the basis of racial blood pressure differences.

Hypertension in black South Africans

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