Biological Quality of Tetrastichus Howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) Reared with Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Pupae after Cold Storage

Abstract

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Parasitism of Tetrastichus howardi (Ollif, 1893) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on Chrysodeixis includens (Walker, [1858]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pupae at different ages

“…Studies that evaluated the biological characteristics of T. howardi on Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) pupae confirmed the parasitism capacity of T. howardi in this host and the emergence percentage, which, at 25 ± 2 ºC, was 100 % for both the biological characteristics, making T. molitor a viable option for rearing the parasitoid under laboratory conditions (Tiago et al 2019). The choice of host is very important for the production of the parasitoid under laboratory conditions, as it influences the percentage of parasitism and parasitoid emergence, in addition to minimizing the rearing costs and the period of field release of the parasitoid (Costa et al 2014, Rolim et al 2020.…”

“…Tetrastichus howardi parasitized and emerged from C. includens pupae in all treatments, demonstrating its potential for laboratory production with that host. The obtained emergence percentage indicates the biological capacity of this parasitoid to Tetrastichus howardi is an endoparasitoid of pupae, and its reproductive success occurs in pupae that are less than 24 h (Costa et al 2014, Tiago et al 2019. The biological characteristics of T. howardi were favorable when reared on Bombyx mori Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) pupae (Piñeyro et al 2016).…”

“…The percentage of parasitism [(number of pupae with parasitoid emergence + pupae without adult parasitoid emergence)/(total number of pupae) × 100], emergence percentage [(number of pupae with adult parasitoid emergence)/(number of parasitized pupae) × 100], duration of the cycle (egg-adult) in days, number of emerged parasitoids per pupa (progeny), progeny per female, sex ratio (number of females/number of adults) of the parasitoids and longevity of off-spring males and females (adapted from Barbosa et al 2015, Tiago et al 2019 were evaluated.…”

“…For a successful biological control using parasitoids, knowledge on their behavior, when reared under laboratory conditions, is very important (Costa et al 2014, Oliveira et al 2016, Rolim et al 2020. Thus, the percentage of parasitism and emergence, cycle (egg-adult) duration, progeny, progeny per female, sex ratio and longevity of males and females are factors that may be easily affected by the host species, exposure period and host age (Barbosa et al 2015, Ueno 2015, Piñeyro et al 2016, Tiago et al 2019, Rodrigues et al 2021.…”

Performance of Chouioia cunea reared from a coleopteran alternative host as a biocontrol agent against the invasive lepidopteran pest, Hyphantria cunea

“…The solitary egg endoparasitoid Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) can be reproduced on the eggs of A. pernyi to control the litchi stink bug, Tessaratoma papillosa Drury (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) 35 . The mealworm beetle has also been used as an alternative host to rear several other parasitoids, such as the pupal parasitoids Palmistichus elaeisis Delvare & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 36 and Tetrastichus howardi Olliff (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 37,38 . While these studies do show the potential of using an alternative host to rear parasitoids in general, there is a paucity of literature on this subject in the context of augmentative biological control.…”