Biological Stains

Abstract

DNA methods have become the gold standard in associating biological material to an individual. However, in forensic investigations it remains critically important to establish the biological origin of the DNA profile, so that the circumstances surrounding its deposition can be investigated. This article outlines the most common methods of identifying body fluid stains.

Forensic genetics

“…[ 7 ] This technique allows segregation of male and female DNA and hence is of great value in establishing the identity of crime accused. [ 8 ] In entire human genome, there are around 30,000–40,000 known genes that code for their respective protein synthesis. These coding regions are called 'exons', and the non-coding regions in between the genes are called 'introns'.…”

“…[ 5 ] Because of the uniqueness of the DNA pattern, the sequencing is also known as DNA fingerprinting. [ 5 8 ] DNA profiling is constantly used for the spotting of both sufferers and assailants in heinous acts, such as rape, sexual assault, homicide and fire accidents. It is also used for solving cases related to maternal and paternal disputes and in wild-life forensics cases like poaching of endangered species.…”

“…siblings) are unlikely to be acknowledged in courtroom especially when the other corroborative evidences are not produced. [ 8 9 10 ]…”

Analysis of the ex-vivo transformation of semen, saliva and urine as they dry out using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometric approach

“…The last decade showed significant growth in the TSD estimation studies by using vibrational spectroscopic techniques 4 . Despite the equal importance of semen, saliva, and urine as evidence in crime scene investigations, blood always received special attention in the research community 3 , 4 , 10 , 11 , 32 , 33 . All the three aforesaid fluids including blood are consistently found in the broad range of homicides, suicides, rapes, and other sexual assaults 2 , 34 , 35 .…”

Reprocessing of a mining waste deposit in the Harz mountains – How contaminated sites might become raw material deposits in the future

“…Im Verlaufdes letztenJ ahrhundertsund in intensivierter Form in denl etzten Jahrzehntenk onntee in rapiderA nstieg der Nachfragen achRohstoffenbeobachtetwerden, derdurch die industrielle Entwicklungd er globalen Gesellschaft unde in großes Bevçlkerungswachstum befeuert wurde [1][2][3].A uch wenn unmittelbare Versorgungsengpässen ochn icht absehbar sind,w irdd ie Versorgungslagee iniger Metalleu nd Minerale mittelfristiga ls kritisch angesehen [3][4][5].A ls Reaktion auf dieseEntwicklung werden derzeitweltweitverschiedene Maßnahmen wieetwaSubstitution, Effizienzsteigerungund Recycling untersucht unde ntwickelt.A uf dera nderen Seites indi n einigenF ällen dieR ohstoffreserven in derm enschengemach-tenW elt( Bauwerke, Kabel, Haushaltsgegenstände usw. )b ereitsheute grçßer oder in einer ähnlichen Grçßenordnungals dien atürlichen, geologischen Reserven [6].…”