Biological stress response terminology: Integrating the concepts of adaptive response and preconditioning stress within a hormetic dose–response framework

Abstract

a b s t r a c tInhaled aerosol dose models play critical roles in medicine, the regulation of air pollutants and basic research. The models fall into several categories: traditional, computational fluid dynamical (CFD), physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK), empirical, semi-empirical, and "reference". Each type of model has its strengths and weaknesses, so multiple models are commonly used for practical applications. Aerosol dose models combine information on aerosol behavior and the anatomy and physiology of exposed human and laboratory animal subjects. Similar models are used for in-vitro studies. Several notable advances have been made in aerosol dose modeling in the past 80 years. The pioneers include Walter Findeisen, who in 1935 published the first traditional model and established the structure of modern models. His model combined aerosol behavior with simplified respiratory tract structures. Ewald Weibel established morphometric techniques for the lung in 1963 that are still used to develop data for modeling today. Advances in scanning techniques have similarly contributed to the knowledge of respiratory tract structure and its use in aerosol dose modeling. Several scientists and research groups have developed and advanced traditional, CFD, and PBPK models. Current issues under study include understanding individual and species differences; examining localized particle deposition; modeling non-ideal aerosols and nanoparticle behavior; linking the regions of the respiratory tract airways from nasal-oral to alveolar; and developing sophisticated supporting software. Although a complete history of inhaled aerosol dose modeling is far too extensive to cover here, selected highlights are described in this paper.

Radiation-hormesis phenotypes, the related mechanisms and implications for disease prevention and therapy

“…Using a sensitive in vivo chromosomal inversion assay (pKZ1 mouse prostate model), they demonstrated for the first time an adaptive response when a low X-ray dose (0.01-1 mGy) was given several hours after a high dose (1,000 mGy). This type of adaptive response has been called radiation post exposure conditioning hormesis (Calabrese et al 2007). The adaptive responses in this study were of similar magnitude to the adaptive responses previously observed in the indicated test system when the low dose was given first.…”

Low Doses of Fenoxaprop-P-Ethyl Cause Hormesis in Littleseed Canarygrass and Wild Oat

“…The low dose growth stimulation phenomenon of herbicides is known as herbicide hormesis (Calabrese et al, 2007). Growth stimulation due to low doses of different herbicides has been shown in several crop species both in controlled and in the field conditions (Davies et al, 2003;Duke et al, 2006;Cedergreen et al, 2007;Velini et al, 2008).…”

Toward Understanding How Early-Life Stress Reprograms Cognitive and Emotional Brain Networks

“…Stress is a signal indicating a potential or perceived threat (Calabrese et al, 2007;Joëls and Baram, 2009;Ulrich-Lai and Herman, 2009;McEwen and Gianaros, 2011). Stress is ubiquitous and has high biological significance because it enables rapid, delayed, and often enduring adaptive processes to changing circumstances (Calabrese et al, 2007;Joëls and Baram, 2009;McEwen and Gianaros, 2011).…”

“…Stress is ubiquitous and has high biological significance because it enables rapid, delayed, and often enduring adaptive processes to changing circumstances (Calabrese et al, 2007;Joëls and Baram, 2009;McEwen and Gianaros, 2011). Accordingly, the central nervous system is equipped with several sensing mechanisms to identify stress, as well as processes to respond to stressful signals and be modified by them.…”