Biological Studies of Horse Flies in New York

Tashiro, H.; Schwardt, H. H.

doi:10.1093/jee/46.5.813

Cited by 39 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Trapping studies and anecdotal reports suggest that tabanids are more attracted to dark objects than to light objects, and more to red than to green or yellow (HANSENS 1947;TASHIRO & SCHWARDT 1953;BRACKEN et al 1962). No evidence of color effects was found in this study.…”

Section: Host-seeking By Tabanidscontrasting

confidence: 46%

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Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies

Rutberg

1987

Ethology

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Horse flies (Tabanidae) on and around feral ponies in harem groups were counted at Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland, U.S.A., between June and August 1985. Harem stallions attracted the most flies; adult mares showed intermediate fly numbers, while few flies landed on foals under any circumstances. The use of thermal and chemical cues by flies selecting a host may have helped create this disparity. When flies were abundant, ponies reduced spacing within the group. Ponies in larger groups suffered from fewer flies than ponies in smaller groups. There was, however, no evidence that ponies merged into larger groups in response to fly harassment, suggesting that biting flies play little role in structuring pony social organization.

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Section: Host-seeking By Tabanidscontrasting

confidence: 46%

“…Horse flies (tabanids) are ectoparasites that might influence the social organization of horses. The painful bites of tabanids can cause significant blood loss and disrupt feeding, nursing and other important activities in large mammals (TASHIRO & SCHWARDT 1953;OLDROYD 1964;ASKEW 1971;CHVALA et a]. 1972;ESPMARK & LANGVATN 1979).…”

Section: Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies

Rutberg

1987

Ethology

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“…The association between non-biting muscid species (especially Hydrotaea spp.) and biting flies, reported by Tashiro & Schwardt (1953) and Garcia & Radovsky (1962), is also exhibited by H. irritans in its attraction to Haematopota pluvialis. Nielsen et al (1972) pointed out that Hydrotaea irritans often feeds simultaneously with biting flies on cattle, and this association may be of considerable importance in the transmission of summer mastitis as many bite wounds are found on the teats of infected cattle.…”

Section: Repellent Evaluation Using Trapsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Factors attracting the sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera:Muscidae), with a note on the evaluation of repellents

Berlyn

1978

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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An investigation using modified Manitoba traps on a forest track in Scotland showed that carbon dioxide, coloured spheres, movement, heat, Haematopota pluvialis (L.) and a swarm of other adults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) were attractive. Traps with coloured spheres attracted more flies than traps without spheres. Matt black, shiny black and shiny red spheres attracted more males and females than did shiny green, white or yellow spheres. Significant increases in the number of flies caught did not occur when carbon dioxide was released from a trap at rates above 2 litres/min. Carbon dioxide seems to act as a long-range attractant, with vision becoming important near the host. Manitoba traps were also used with three repellents for H. irritans in order to evaluate the trap's potential for testing repellents.

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“…horse flies and deer flies) inflict a painful bite that removes as much as 0.5 mL of blood per fly (Allan, 2001). A horse may be bitten by as many as 4000 horse flies in a day, resulting in the loss of 500 mL of blood (Tashiro & Schwardt, 1949, 1953; Foil & Foil, 1988). Excessive blood‐feeding by black flies can result in death to wildlife and domestic animals by exsanguination and toxic salivary secretions (Fredeen, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size

Mooring

Blumstein

Reisig

et al. 2007

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

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Biting insects are costly to hosts, and insect-repelling movements of the tail, ears, head, and feet are widespread in mammals and effective in reducing bites. We investigate whether the 'peripheral stimulation model' can explain the regulation of this widespread behaviour pattern in a comparative study of bovids. The peripheral stimulation hypothesis predicts: (1) a positive association between insect-repelling rates and body size because larger hosts produce more of the sensory cues that attract biting insects; (2) that individuals in larger groups will exhibit a higher rate of insect defense behaviour if group size and insect attraction follows a linear function; and (3) larger species will evolve proportionately longer tails in response to higher rates of insect attack. To test these predictions, we observed insect-repelling behaviour in 26 species of bovids at a zoological park, and controlled for common ancestry with formal phylogenetic analyses (independent contrasts). Consistent with the peripheral stimulation hypothesis, rates of tail-switching and all insect-repelling behaviours combined were positively associated with body mass, whereas earflicking was positively associated with proportional tail length. Larger bovids had proportionately longer tails for more effective fly swatting. There was no significant association between insect-repelling rate and group size, suggesting that a nonlinear relationship exists between group size and insect attacks whereby individuals in larger groups do not experience an increased attack rate.

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Biological Studies of Horse Flies in New York

Cited by 39 publications

References 0 publications

Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies

Horse Fly Harassment and the Social Behavior of Feral Ponies

Factors attracting the sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera:Muscidae), with a note on the evaluation of repellents

Insect-repelling behaviour in bovids: role of mass, tail length, and group size

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