Biological Tolerance to Air Blast and Related Biomedical Criteria

White, Clayton S.; Bowen, I. G.; Richmond, Donald R.

doi:10.2172/4614491

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The potential effects on the central nervous system were however not assessed. These experiments provided fundamental data for effects of blast with simple wave forms, i.e., the Friedländer type of wave and dose response curves (the Bowen curves) were determined (White et al, 1965; Richmond et al, 1967a,b; Axelsson and Yelverton, 1996; Cernak et al, 2011). These types of experiments require large amounts of explosives and dosimetry can be difficult.…”

Section: Examples Of Models For Blastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Animal Models for Studies on the Mechanisms of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma

Risling¹,

Davidsson²

2012

Front. Neur.

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A blast injury is a complex type of physical trauma resulting from the detonation of explosive compounds and has become an important issue due to the use of improvised explosive devices (IED) in current military conflicts. Blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT) is a major concern in contemporary military medicine and includes a variety of injuries that range from mild to lethal. Extreme forces and their complex propagation characterize BINT. Modern body protection and the development of armored military vehicles can be assumed to have changed the outcome of BINT. Primary blast injuries are caused by overpressure waves whereas secondary, tertiary, and quaternary blast injuries can have more varied origins such as the impact of fragments, abnormal movements, or heat. The characteristics of the blast wave can be assumed to be significantly different in open field detonations compared to explosions in a confined space, such an armored vehicle. Important parameters include peak pressure, duration, and shape of the pulse. Reflections from walls and armor can make the prediction of effects in individual cases very complex. Epidemiological data do not contain information of the comparative importance of the different blast mechanisms. It is therefore important to generate data in carefully designed animal models. Such models can be selective reproductions of a primary blast, penetrating injuries from fragments, acceleration movements, or combinations of such mechanisms. It is of crucial importance that the physical parameters of the employed models are well characterized so that the experiments can be reproduced in different laboratory settings. Ideally, pressure recordings should be calibrated by using the same equipment in several laboratories. With carefully designed models and thoroughly evaluated animal data it should be possible to achieve a translation of data between animal and clinical data. Imaging and computer simulation represent a possible link between experiments and studies of human cases. However, in order for mathematical simulations to be completely useful, the predictions will most likely have to be validated by detailed data from animal experiments. Some aspects of BINT can conceivably be studied in vitro. However, factors such as systemic response, brain edema, inflammation, vasospasm, or changes in synaptic transmission and behavior must be evaluated in experimental animals. Against this background, it is necessary that such animal experiments are carefully developed imitations of actual components in the blast injury. This paper describes and discusses examples of different designs of experimental models relevant to BINT.

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Section: Examples Of Models For Blastmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Animal Models for Studies on the Mechanisms of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma

Risling¹,

Davidsson²

2012

Front. Neur.

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“…Next to be considered are estimates based on mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and goat exposures that were similar to those of the present study (Richmond & White, 1962;White et al, 1964;White et al, 1965). Body mass extrapolation of these data to a 70-kg mammal yielded the tolerance data listed in TABLE 2.…”

Section: Estimates Of Man's Tolerance To Air Blastmentioning

confidence: 70%

Biophysical Mechanisms and Scaling Procedures Applicable in Assessing Responses of the Thorax Energized by Air‐blast Overpressures or by Nonpenetrating Missiles*

Bowen

Fletcher

Richmond

et al. 1968

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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FOREWORDThis report contains the results of efforts to understand some of the biophysical mechanisms involved in the response of mammals to air-blast overpressures and to impact of non-penetrating missiles on the chest wall. One of the important aims of these studies is a more complete understanding of the response data obtained with mammals so that reasonable predictions can be made for the response of man.The empirical data and interpretative material included in this report represent a portion of the results of an ongoing, long-term program aimed at clarifying the biological effects of blast-induced phenomena and assessing the consequences of exposure thereto.This report was summarized on October 6, 1966, before a symposium on the Biological Effects of Air Blast at the National Academy of Sciences sponsored by the NAS-NRC Committee on Hearing, Bioacoustics, and Biomechanics, "CHABA".On October 11, 1966, that portion of the report concerned with the effects of air-blast overpressures was presented at the New York Academy of Sciences conference on Prevention of and Protection against Accidental Explosion of Munitions, Fuels, and other Hazardous Mixtures. The entire report was submitted for inclusion in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. ABSTRACT A mathematical model was described which was devised to study the dynamic response of the thorax of mammals to rapid changes in environmental pressure and to non-penetrating missiles impacting the rib cage near the mid-lateral point of the right or left thorax. Scaling procedures f 'imiiar animals were described relating, for a given degree of darn'age, the body mass of the animal to various parameters describing the exposure "dose.Internal pressures computed with the model for a dog exposed at the end plate of a shock-tube were compared to those measured with a pressure transducer inserted in the esophagus down to the level -of the heart.Computed time-displacement histories of missiles following impact with the right side of the thorax were compared to those obtained experimentally by means of high-speed motion picture photography. High internal pressures predicted with the model for non-penetrating impact were compared to those obtained experimentally and theoretically for exposure to air blast.Experimental data were presented arbitrarily assessing lung damage in animals struck by non-penetrating missiles (constant impact area) as a function of missile mass and impact velocity. These data were compared for several missile mass-velocity combinations with those computed using the mathematical model. Similarities in the dynamic responses of the thorax to air blast and to non-penetrating missiles were discussed.ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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“…Due to the shock front, the frequency content of the incident wave is extremely high; indeed, the rate of the stress rise imparted to tissue followed by rapid relaxation may be of as much concern with regard to cellular damage as stress amplitude (White et al, 1965;Vawter et al, 1978;Viano and Lau, 1988;Doukas et al, 1995;Morrison et al, 2000;Garner et al, 2000). Blast also can propagate energy in the electromagnetic domain, although the power spectrum is highly dependent on the device size and configuration (Fine and Vinci, 1998;Kelly, 1993).…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent to World War II, the nuclear blast threat was the primary driver for concerted research into blast injury and the now wellknown works of the Lovelace Foundation in the U.S. (White et al, 1964(White et al, , 1965Richmond et al, 1959Richmond et al, , 1992. The Swedish were also active in early blast injury research (Clemedson, 1956).…”

Section: State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blast-Related Brain Injury: Imaging for Clinical and Research Applications: Report of the 2008 St. Louis Workshop

Benzinger

Brody

Cardin

et al. 2009

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Blast-related traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been of particular relevance to the military and civilian health care sectors since the onset of the Global War on Terror, and TBI has been called the ''signature injury'' of this war. Currently there are many questions about the fundamental nature, diagnosis, and long-term consequences of bTBI and its relationship to PTSD. This workshop was organized to consider these questions and focus on how brain imaging techniques may be used to enhance current diagnosis, research, and treatment of bTBI. The general conclusion was that although the study of blast physics in nonbiological systems is mature, few data are presently available on key topics such as blast exposure in combat scenarios, the pathological characteristics of human bTBI, and imaging signatures of bTBI. Addressing these gaps is critical to the success of bTBI research. Foremost among our recommendations is that human autopsy and pathoanatomical data from bTBI patients need to be obtained and disseminated to the military and civilian research communities, and advanced neuroimaging used in studies of acute, subacute, and chronic cases, to determine whether there is a distinct pathoanatomical signature that correlates with long-term functional impairment, including PTSD. These data are also critical for the development of animal models to illuminate fundamental mechanisms of bTBI and provide leads for new treatment approaches. Brain imaging will need to play an increasingly important role as gaps in the scientific knowledge of bTBI and PTSD are addressed through increased coordination, cooperation, and data sharing among the academic and military biomedical research communities.

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Biological Tolerance to Air Blast and Related Biomedical Criteria

Cited by 26 publications

References 0 publications

Experimental Animal Models for Studies on the Mechanisms of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma

Experimental Animal Models for Studies on the Mechanisms of Blast-Induced Neurotrauma

Biophysical Mechanisms and Scaling Procedures Applicable in Assessing Responses of the Thorax Energized by Air‐blast Overpressures or by Nonpenetrating Missiles*

Blast-Related Brain Injury: Imaging for Clinical and Research Applications: Report of the 2008 St. Louis Workshop

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