Biological treatment options for cyanobacteria metabolite removal – A review

An overview of diversity, occurrence, genetics and toxin production of bloom-forming Dolichospermum (Anabaena) species

“…Saxitoxins are tricyclic purine derivatives (Wiegand and Pflugmacher, 2005), with a molecular weight around 299 (Svrcek and Smith, 2004). So far, twenty-seven variants of saxitoxins have been found (Ho et al, 2012). Saxitoxin is the most potent cyanobacterial toxin, with the LD 50 of 5 mg kg À1 in mice (administered intraperitoneally) (Carmichael, 1992).…”

“…Occurrences of Dolichospermum species and their toxins in large quantities have been documented in numerous water bodies (e.g., Tsujimura and Okubo, 2003;Cook et al, 2004;John and Kemp, 2006;Karjalainen et al, 2007;Kravchuk, 2009;Ciré s et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2013;Callieri et al, 2014), and the incidences of public exposure through drinking water or recreational activities have become more serious (e.g., Bowling and Baker, 1996;Al-Tebrineh et al, 2012), making a review on Dolichospermum cyanobacteria timely. Options for controlling or mitigating cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins have been previously summarized (Jia et al, 2010;Ho et al, 2012;Shao et al, 2013;Yang et al, 2013;Lü rling and Tolman, 2014;Steffen et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2014;Zamyadi et al, 2015) and will not be discussed here. In this review, knowledge of waterbloom forming Dolichospermum is summarized, focussing on taxonomy, the status of genomic information that is beginning to facilitate studies on the detailed controls of bloom dynamics, and the potential hazards caused by these blooms and their toxins.…”

Structure and dynamics of the phytoplankton community within a maturation pond in a semiarid region

“…In another study, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration have been used to remove intracellular and dissolved cyanotoxins with 98% and 96% removal efficiency, respectively, in a water reservoir (Gijsbertsen-Abrahamse et al, 2006). Finally, it has been reported that the biodegradation of the secondary metabolites of cyanobacteria can be achieved using a biological filter (Ho et al, 2012). When the removal of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins is required, a broad knowledge regarding the fluctuations of the phytoplankton community in stabilization ponds will be important in determining the timing and type of treatment that is most appropriate.…”

Uptake and Growth Effects of Cyanotoxins on Aquatic Plants Ludwigia Adscendens and Amaranthus Hybridus in Raw Surface Waters

“…Since no single cyanotoxin exists in a water body at any given scenario, little information has been gathered with respect to the ability of aquatic plants to survive under such conditions and their effectiveness in taking up a range of cyanobacterial metabolites under conditions that would be experienced in the natural environment. This is particularly relevant since multiple classes of these metabolites are now being simultaneously detected in water bodies [16].…”

“…They are generally low technology processes that require little or no maintenance and possess the advantage of being ‗natural' treatment [16]. This study thus evaluates the cyanotoxin bioaccumulation potential of two naturally occurring aquatic macrophytes namely; Ludwigia adscendens and Amaranthus hybridus, their ability to withstand the levels of toxins in the dam and combined effect of a range of cyanobacterial metabolites on the plants and the ability to bioaccumulate the toxins under those conditions.…”