Biological Validations of Fecal Glucocorticoid, Testosterone, and Progesterone Metabolite Measurements in Captive Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Pineda-Galindo, Enrique; Cerda-Molina, Ana Lilia; Mayagoitia-Novales, Lilian; Matamoros-Trejo, Gilberto; O, Claudio de la

doi:10.1007/s10764-017-9992-7

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Stress manipulation of Formosan macaques in captivity. We adopted a biological validation procedure to induce GC secretion through restraint and anesthesia procedures 30,40,41 for routine health evaluation in captivity. We then assessed whether the increased GC secretion could be detected based on different EIA FGM quantities.…”

Section: Eia Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between stress and bilateral symmetrical alopecia in free-ranging Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

Chen

Chang

Tsai

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Since 2013, a high incidence of bilateral symmetrical alopecia has been observed in free-ranging Formosan macaques (Macaca cyclopis) in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan. We hypothesized that stress induces alopecia in this population. To verify our hypothesis, we evaluated the histopathological characteristics of skin biopsy and used a validated enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) analysis, which act as an indicator of stress experienced by the individual. Follicular densities were lower (2.1–3.0 mm2) in individuals with symmetrical alopecia than in those with normal hair conditions (4.7 mm2). Furthermore, anagen to catagen/telogen ratios were lower in individuals with alopecia (0–1.4) than in those with normal hair (4.0). The histopathological characteristics of alopecia were similar to those of telogen effluvium, which indicates that stress is one of the possible etiologies. On the basis of the analytical and biological validation of EIAs for FGM analysis, 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone was considered suitable for monitoring adrenocortical activity in both sexes of Formosan macaques. The mean concentrations (standard error; sample size) of 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone were 2.02 (0.17; n = 10) and 1.41 (0.10; n = 31) μg/g for individuals with and without alopecia, respectively. Furthermore, the results of logistic regression analysis show that 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (p = 0.012) concentration was positively associated with alopecia. Thus, stress was the most likely to trigger symmetrical alopecia in Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity. Although stress can decrease the fitness of an individual, considering the population status of Formosan macaques in Taiwan is stable and alopecia was only observed in our study area, which is isolated from other populations, the impact on the total population of Formosan macaque in Taiwan is limited. Nonetheless, stress-induced immunosuppression and alopecia might affect the local abundance and increase zoonosis risk due to frequent human–macaque contact in Mt. Longevity. Future studies are suggested to focus on the causative factor of stress and the effects of stress and alopecia on the health and welfare in the Formosan macaques.

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Section: Eia Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between stress and bilateral symmetrical alopecia in free-ranging Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

Chen

Chang

Tsai

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…One way to ensure that non-invasive methods can capture natural variations in hormone levels is to conduct biological validations. For example, a testosterone assay should be able to differentiate levels of adult males from those of immature males or females (Möhle et al, 2002;Pineda-Galindo et al, 2017), a glucocorticoid assay should be able to detect rises following putatively stressful events such as translocation, capture and restraint (Pineda-Galindo et al, 2017;Touma and Palme, 2005), and estrogen or progesterone assays should be able to detect changes in female reproductive condition (i.e. menstrual cycle, pregnancy: Pineda-Galindo et al, 2017;Fieß et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring urinary cortisol and testosterone levels in male Barbary macaques: A comparison of EIA and LC-MS

Rincon

Ostner

Heistermann

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The development of methods to quantify hormones from non-invasively collected samples such as urine or feces has facilitated endocrinology research on wild-living animals. To ensure that hormone measurements are biologically meaningful, method validations are highly recommended for each new species or sample matrix. Our aim was to validate three commonly used enzyme immunoassays (EIA), one for analysis of cortisol and two for analysis of testosterone, to assess adrenocortical and gonadal activity, respectively, from the urine of male Barbary macaques. We compared EIA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) results to determine if the EIA measurements truly reflect levels of the target hormone and to determine if cross-reactivities with other steroids were potentially confounding results. Furthermore, we conducted a biological validation of testosterone to ensure that both EIA and LC-MS were able to capture physiologically meaningful differences in hormone levels. We found that cortisol measured by EIA correlated strongly with cortisol measured by LC-MS in both adult and immature males, without the need for deconjugation of steroids in the urine. Both testosterone EIAs correlated strongly with LC-MS in adult males, but only if steroids in the urine were deconjugated by enzymatic hydrolysis prior to analysis. However, in immature males, EIA and LC-MS results did not correlate significantly. Further correlation analyses suggest this is likely due to cross-reactivity of the testosterone antibody with other adrenal steroids such as cortisol, DHEA, and likely others, which are present at much higher concentrations relative to testosterone in immature males. Testosterone levels were significantly higher in adult compared to immature males as measured by LC-MS but not as measured by EIA. Taken together, our results suggest that the testosterone EIAs are suitable to assess gonadal activity in adult but not immature males, and only if a hydrolysis of the urine is conducted prior to analysis.

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“…In stump tail macaques ( Macaca arctoides ), adult males had significantly lower fAM concentrations than their juvenile counterparts (Pineda‐Galindo et al . 2017). In avian species, blood androgen levels showed no significant differences between age and breeding classes in the dark‐eyed juncos Junco hyemalis (Deviche et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground‐hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)

et al. 2020

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The southern ground‐hornbill (SGH) is a cooperatively breeding bird endemic to eastern and southern Africa, but is endangered in its southern distributional range. The national conservation restoration program harvests redundant chicks for captive breeding and reintroduction; with sexing and social grouping of the species evaluated by throat‐skin coloration, with adult males displaying a completely red color compared to dark blue within the red observed in adult females. However, recent findings indicate that dominant and subordinate adult males exhibit patches of blue throat‐skin. To optimize SGH management practices, it is vital to determine the role of red and blue coloration, as well as the possible drivers thereof. As a prerequisite, an enzyme immunoassay for monitoring fecal androgen metabolite (fAM) concentrations in SGH was established. Following this, fresh fecal samples were collected from 78 SGH, of various demographics and origin, across 12 captive institutions, to determine whether fAM concentrations differ between blue (B), partially blue (sB), and fully red (R) throat‐skin colored SGH. Furthermore, fAM concentrations were compared between males housed in different social groups of different age and sex classes. Individual median fAM concentrations of B, sB, and R adult males did not differ significantly but were considerably higher in B and sB males compared to R males. Social dynamics within captivity, for example, dominance, played no role as a driver of male gonadal activity or throat skin coloration. The results of the study indicate that androgens and apparent social dynamics are not primary determinants of throat coloration in male SGH.

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Biological Validations of Fecal Glucocorticoid, Testosterone, and Progesterone Metabolite Measurements in Captive Stumptail Macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Cited by 12 publications

References 74 publications

Association between stress and bilateral symmetrical alopecia in free-ranging Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

Association between stress and bilateral symmetrical alopecia in free-ranging Formosan macaques in Mt. Longevity, Taiwan

Measuring urinary cortisol and testosterone levels in male Barbary macaques: A comparison of EIA and LC-MS

Endocrine correlates of gender and throat coloration in the southern ground‐hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri)

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