Biologically Controlled Mineralization of Magnetic Iron Minerals by Magnetotactic Bacteria

Abstract

The The biomineralization biomineralization of of several several magnetic magnetic iron iron minerals, minerals, including including the the iron iron oxide oxide magnetite magnetite (Fe (Fe 3 3 0 0 4 4 ; ; Fe Fe 2I 2I Fe/+0 Fe/+0 4 4 ) ) and and the the iron iron sulfides sulfides greigite greigite (Fe (Fe 3 3 S S 4 4 ) ) and and pyrrhotite pyrrhotite (Fe (Fe 7 7 S S S S )' )' can can be be mediated mediated by by bacteria bacteria as as well well as as by by other other organisms. organisms. These These minerals minerals are are known known to to be be synthesized synthesized by by procaryotes procaryotes in in one one of of two two fundamentally fundamentally different different modes modes of of biomineralization. biomineralization. The The first first is is uncontrolled uncontrolled mineral mineral formation, formation, called called bi bi ologically ologically induced induced mineralization mineralization (BIM) (BIM) (92), (92), while while the the second second is is directed-mineral directed-mineral formation, formation, termed termed biologically biologically controlled controlled mineralization mineralization (BCM), (BCM), also also referred referred to to as as organic organic matrix-mediated matrix-mediated mineralization mineralization (92) (92) or or boundary-organized boundary-organized biominerali biominerali zation zation (96). (96). Whereas Whereas in in BIM BIM the the organism organism does does not not appear appear to to control control the the bio bio mineralization mineralization process, process, in in BCM BCM the the organism organism exerts exerts a a high high degree degree of of control control over over the the mineralization mineralization process. process. Different Different physiological physiological types types of of bacteria bacteria are are responsible responsible for for BIM BIM and and BCM BCM of of magnetic magnetic minerals. minerals. Dissimilatory Dissimilatory iron-reducing iron-reducing and and dissimilatory dissimilatory sulfate-reducing sulfate-reducing bacteria bacteria cause cause the the formation formation of of magnetite magnetite and and greigite, greigite, respectively, respectively, as as well well as as many many other other nonmagnetic nonmagnetic iron iron minerals, minerals, by by BIM BIM processes. processes. Among Among the the procm'yotes, procm'yotes, only only the the magnetotactic magnetotactic bacteria bacteria biomineralize biomineralize magnetite magnetite and and greigite greigite by by BCM. BCM. There There is is no no apparent apparent function function to to the the magnetite magnetite and and greigite greigite particles particles produced produced via via BIM BIM by by microorganisms. microorganisms. However, However, there there is is ecological, ecological, evolutionary, evolutionary, and and perhaps perhaps physio physio logical logical significance significance to to the the BCM BCM particles particles produced produced by by the the magnetotactic magnetotactic bacteria. bacteria. Additionally, Additionally, the the biomineralization b...

A review of microbial precipitation for sustainable construction

“…Biomineralisation is of two types; (i) biologically controlled mineralisation (BCM), and (ii) biologically induced mineralisation (BIM). In BCM minerals are usually deposited on or within the organic matrices or vesicles of the living (microbial) cells, allowing the organisms to exert a significant degree of control over the nucleation and growth of the minerals and thus, over the composition, size, habit, and intracellular location of the minerals [17,18]. In BIM, on the other hand, organisms (mainly microorganisms) secrete one or more metabolic products that react with ions or compounds in the environment resulting in the subsequent deposition of mineral particles as metabolic byproducts [48].…”

Biogenic synthesis of nanostructured iron compounds: applications and perspectives

“…Biosynthesis of metallic NPs using microorganisms, such as bacteria that grab‐free ions to reduce them to the metallic element by microbial enzymes, represents one of the major routes to environmentally friendly syntheses of NPs [7]. Bacterial synthesis of iron sulphide with the crystallographic phase Fe 3 S 4 (greigite) has been shown to occur in magnetotactic bacteria [31, 32] and sulphate reducing bacteria [33–36]. Iron sulphide NPs synthesised by magnetotactic bacteria are around 35–120 nm and this size range is within the permanent single magnetic domain size.…”

Review: Magnetite Synthesis using NanoFermentation

“…이러한 생광물화 작용은 크게 두 가지로 구분될 수 있으며 (Lowenstam, 1981), 이중 Biologically controlled mineralization (BCM)은 Magnetotactic bacteria 의 경우와 같이 (Blakemore, 1975 (Bazylinski and Frankel, 2000) and (Right) metal-reducing bacteria TOR-39 . (Phelps et al, 1989) …”