Biology, ecology and management of the invasive parthenium weed (<i>Parthenium hysterophorus</i> L.)

Adkins, Steve W.; Shabbir, Asad

doi:10.1002/ps.3708

Cited by 225 publications

(194 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Weeds are among the major obstacles in agricultural production, causing losses in crops and resulting in serious economic losses for people and their interests in many countries (Adkins & Shabbir, 2014). In vegetable crops such as okra and carrots, yield losses caused by weeds can be up to 94% and 95% (Coelho et al, 2009;Bachega et al, 2013), respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosociological Survey and Weed Interference in Eggplants Cultivation1

et al. 2016

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-Eggplants are vegetables of great importance in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil, which are subject to interference from weeds. In order to collaborate with weed management in this vegetable, this study was carried out to determine the periods of weed interference in growing eggplants. The study was conducted in the Brazilian municipality of Jaboticabal, SP, at the Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP [Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (São Paulo State University)], in the period from February to July 2013. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 22 treatments, three replications divided in 11 periods of coexistence and weed control with eggplants: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126, 140 and 154 days after transplanting (DAT). In each treatment, a phytosociological study was carried out to identify the important species of weeds in eggplant crops. The main weeds were Eleusine indica, Nicandra physaloides, Portulaca oleracea and Cyperus rotundus due to their high relative importance. The interference of these weeds caused losses of up to 96% to the standard commercial fruit yield. The period before interference was 6 DAT and the total period of interference was 102 DAT. Therefore, it is concluded that after the initial six days after transplanting eggplants, the crop should be free of weeds within the next 96 days.Keywords: Solanum melongena, competition, productivity, weed community. Nápoli: 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112, 126, 140 Palavras-chave: Solanum melongena, competição, produtividade, comunidade infestante. RESUMO -A berinjela é uma hortaliça de grande importância nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e, que está sujeita a interferências das plantas daninhas. Com o intuito de colaborar com o manejo das plantas daninhas nessa hortaliça, objetivou-se determinar os períodos de interferência das plantas daninhas no cultivo de berinjela Nápoli. O estudo foi realizado no município de Jaboticabal, SP, na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da UNESP, no período de fevereiro a julho de 2013, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 22 tratamentos e três repetições, divididos em 11 períodos de convivência e de controle das plantas daninhas com a berinjela

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytosociological Survey and Weed Interference in Eggplants Cultivation1

et al. 2016

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“…The traditional doctrine for therapy is one of maximal dose-density, i.e., that we should treat diseases using the most potent drug with the highest tolerable dose for the longest possible time until the disease is cured, the therapy ceases to be effective, or the drugs become too toxic. Mathematical models of disease progression assuming genetically driven resistance indicate that this approach could drive the emergence of resistance through an ecological principle called competitive release (Alto et al 2013;Adkins and Shabbir 2014). Before treatment, cells compete with one another for limited resources within a spatially constrained population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochasticity in the Genotype-Phenotype Map: Implications for the Robustness and Persistence of Bet-Hedging

Nichol

Robertson-Tessi

Jeavons

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Nongenetic variation in phenotypes, or bet-hedging, has been observed as a driver of drug resistance in both bacterial infections and cancers. Here, we study how bet-hedging emerges in genotype-phenotype (GP) mapping through a simple interaction model: a molecular switch. We use simple chemical reaction networks to implement stochastic switches that map gene products to phenotypes, and investigate the impact of structurally distinct mappings on the evolution of phenotypic heterogeneity. Bet-hedging naturally emerges within this model, and is robust to evolutionary loss through mutations to both the expression of individual genes, and to the network itself. This robustness explains an apparent paradox of bet-hedging-why does it persist in environments where natural selection necessarily acts to remove it? The structure of the underlying molecular mechanism, itself subject to selection, can slow the evolutionary loss of bet-hedging to ensure a survival mechanism against environmental catastrophes even when they are rare. Critically, these properties, taken together, have profound implications for the use of treatment-holidays to combat bet-hedging-driven resistant disease, as the efficacy of breaks from treatment will ultimately be determined by the structure of the GP mapping.KEYWORDS evolution; bet-hedging; genotype-phenotype map; bacterial persistence; drug resistance T REATMENT resistance in many diseases is driven by the pre-existence of resistant phenotypes within the population. Why such phenotypes coexist (with sensitive phenotypes), and persist in environments never exposed to drug treatment, remains a significant unanswered question. Phenotypic heterogeneity has been observed within isogenic populations of a number of organisms, and at many scales (Balázsi et al. 2011), from the unicellular-bacteria (Veening et al. 2008), fungi (Levy et al. 2012), or cancer cells (Gupta et al. 2011)-through insects (Danforth 1999Hopper 1999), plants (Childs et al. 2010), and even aspects of human development (Tonegawa 1983). Importantly, this intercellular variation has been observed even in homogeneous and constant environments, suggesting that aspects of organismal phenotype may be stochastically determined.In environments that fluctuate unpredictably, this phenomenon can serve as a survival mechanism by increasing the likelihood that at least some offspring are well-adapted to future environments. Thus, nongenetic, nonenvironmentallydriven variation in phenotypes has been termed bet-hedging, as a species diversifies the phenotypes within the population in order to "hedge its bets" against environmental change [see Seger (1987) for justification of this naming, and de Jong et al. (2011) for a discussion of what evolutionary phenomena can be considered bet-hedging]. Oscillatory environments are common in a range of ecological settings, including fluctuating climates, immune-pathogen interactions, or cyclic hypoxia within tumors, and the range of phenotypic traits that are thought to display stochastic determin...

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“…Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) is one of the most aggressively colonizing and ecologically harmful of terrestrial weeds (Adkins and Shabbir, 2014;Tanveer et al, 2015;Aggarwal, 2016 Safdar et al, 2016). It has invaded most countries in the tropical and sub-tropical world, causing massive losses in agricultural production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%