Biology of <i>Ixodes cookei</i> Packard (Ixodidae) of groundhogs (<i>Marmota monax</i> Erxleben)

Ko, Ronald C.

doi:10.1139/z72-061

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…CDC https://www.cdc.gov/ticks/tickbornediseases/tickID.html). Yet, previous literature on I. cookei clearly describes it as a cosmopolitan species that parasitizes a wide range of medium-sized mammals [53,67]. Our data support the observations that this species can be found parasitizing human, domestic animals, and wild animals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

A 117 year retrospective analysis of Pennsylvania tick community dynamics

Pak

Jacobs

Sakamoto

2018

Preprint

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BackgroundTick-borne diseases have been increasing at the local, national, and global levels. Researchers studying ticks and tick-borne disease need a thorough knowledge of the pathogens, vectors, and epidemiology of disease spread. Three surveillance approaches are commonly used to provide insight into tick-borne disease risk: human disease case surveillance, active tick surveillance, and passive tick surveillance. Long-term passive surveillance can provide up-to-date data on the spatial variability and temporal dynamics of ectoparasite communities and shed light into the ecology of rarer tick species. We present a retrospective analysis on compiled data of ticks from Pennsylvania over the last 117 years.MethodsWe compiled data from ticks collected during tick surveillance research, and from citizen-based submissions to the Penn State University Department of Entomology (PSUEnt). Specimens were deposited at the PSUEnt arthropod collections that eventually became The Frost Entomological Museum. While most of the specimens were submitted by the public, a subset of the data were collected through active methods (flagging or dragging, or removal of ticks from wildlife). We analyzed all data from 1900-2017 for tick community composition, host associations, and spatio-temporal dynamics.ResultsIn total there were 4,491 submission lots consisting of 7,132 tick specimens. Twenty-four different species were identified, with the large proportion of submissions represented by five tick species. We observed a shift in tick community composition in which the dominant species of tick (Ixodes cookei) was overtaken in abundance by Dermacentor variabilis in the early 1990s, and then replaced in abundance by I. scapularis. We analyzed host data and identified overlaps in host range amongst tick species, suggesting potential hubs of pathogen transfer between different tick vectors and their reservoir hosts.ConclusionsWe highlight the importance of long-term passive tick surveillance in investigating the ecology of both common and rare tick species. Information on the geographic distribution, host-association, and seasonality of the tick community can help researchers and health-officials to identify high-risk areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

A 117 year retrospective analysis of Pennsylvania tick community dynamics

Pak

Jacobs

Sakamoto

2018

Preprint

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“…The I. cookei tick, which frequently parasitizes groundhogs and mustelids, is believed to be nidicolous and does not exhibit questing behavior (Ko 1972). Generations of I. cookei are closely associated with a single host in its burrow, so humans are less likely to come into contact with POWV-infected I. cookei (Hinten et al 2008, Ebel 2010).…”

Section: Powassan Virus Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

Hermance

Thangamani

2017

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

157

166

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Powassan virus (POWV, Flaviviridae) is the only North American member of the tick-borne encephalitis serogroup of flaviviruses. It is transmitted to small- and medium-sized mammals by Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes cookei, and several other Ixodes tick species. Humans become infected with POWV during spillover transmission from the natural transmission cycles. In humans, POWV is the causative agent of a severe neuroinvasive illness with 50% of survivors displaying long-term neurological sequelae. POWV was recognized as a human pathogen in 1958 when a young boy died of severe encephalitis in Powassan, Ontario, and POWV was isolated from the brain autopsy of this case. Two distinct genetic lineages of POWV are now recognized: POWV (lineage I) and deer tick virus (lineage II). Since the index case in 1958, over 100 human cases of POWV have been reported, with an apparent rise in disease incidence in the past 16 years. This recent increase in cases may represent a true emergence of POWV in regions where the tick vector species are prevalent, or it could represent an increase in POWV surveillance and diagnosis. In the past 5 years, both basic and applied research for POWV disease has intensified, including phylogenetic studies, field surveillance, case studies, and animal model development. This review provides an overview of POWV, including the epidemiology, transmission, clinical disease, and diagnosis of POWV infection. Recent research developments and future priorities with regard to the disease are emphasized.

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“…In Minnesota, Green et al (1943) reported average infestations of more than 3000 ticks on snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) in late summer, with as many as 16 000 ticks found on one animal. There are numerous published records for H. leporispalustris in Canada (Hewitt 1915;Hearle 1938;Bequaert 1945;Brown and Kohls 1950;Judd 1953;Scholten et al 1962;Wilson 1967;Martell et al 1969;Ko 1972a;Wright 1979;Jones and Thomas 1980;Gkoroba 1980) with few specifics on the life cycle and natural history. The most detailed studies on its natural history were carried out in Nova Scotia by Campbell and Glines (1979) in the laboratory and by Green et al (1943) and Campbell et al (1980) in the field in Minnesota and Nova Scotia, respectively.…”

Section: Haemaphysalis Leporispalustris (Packard)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Canada, Ixodes cookei is primarily associated with the woodchuck, Marmota monax, where prevalence has been reported from 29-50% (McLean et al 1966;Ko 1972a;Artsob et al 1984;Farkas and Surgeoner 1990), though Martell et al (1969) found three of seven porcupines infested in Nova Scotia. In southern parts of its range, mediumsized mammals, especially raccoons and skunks, are important hosts (e.g., Sonenshine 1979b; Kollars and Oliver 2003).…”

Section: Ixodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In southern parts of its range, mediumsized mammals, especially raccoons and skunks, are important hosts (e.g., Sonenshine 1979b; Kollars and Oliver 2003). All instars may be present in Ontario from April to August, with larvae appearing in the spring slightly later than nymphs and adults (Ko 1972a;Farkas and Surgeoner 1990). As is typical of nest-inhabiting Ixodes, males do not feed.…”

Section: Ixodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

Danks¹

2017

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Biology of Ixodes cookei Packard (Ixodidae) of groundhogs (Marmota monax Erxleben)

Cited by 21 publications

References 9 publications

A 117 year retrospective analysis of Pennsylvania tick community dynamics

A 117 year retrospective analysis of Pennsylvania tick community dynamics

Powassan Virus: An Emerging Arbovirus of Public Health Concern in North America

The Biological Survey of Canada: A Personal History

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