Biomarkers and Detection Platforms for Human Health and Performance Monitoring: A Review

Abstract

Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various occupational sectors, such as industry, academy, sports, recreation, and military. While various commercially wearable sensors are on the market with their capability of “quantitative assessments” on human health, physical, and psychological states, their sensing is mostly based on physical traits, and thus lacks precision in HHPM. Minimally or noninvasive biomarkers detectable from the human body, such as body fluid (e.g., sweat, tear, urine, and interstitial fluid), exhaled breath, and skin surface, can provide abundant additional information to the HHPM. Detecting these biomarkers with novel or existing sensor technologies is emerging as critical human monitoring research. This review provides a broad perspective on the state of the art biosensor technologies for HHPM, including the list of biomarkers and their physiochemical/physical characteristics, fundamental sensing principles, and high‐performance sensing transducers. Further, this paper expands to the additional scope on the key technical challenges in applying the current HHPM system to the real field.

Stimulated Parotid Saliva Is a Better Method for Depression Prediction

“…Parotid saliva, submandibular saliva, and sublingual saliva are examples of single gland saliva [ 38 , 39 ]. The proportionate contribution of different glands to the total saliva sample varies depending on the collection method, level of stimulation, age, and even time of day [ 40 ]. Because saliva secretion varies, different methodologies may be required for researching its components or their potential relevance as markers of specific physiological states [ 41 ].…”

Advances in Noble-Metal Nanoparticle-Based Fluorescence Detection of Organophosphorus Chemical Warfare Agents

“…Therefore, non-invasive biofluids such as sweat, saliva, urine, and tears are recommended for biofluid sampling. There are several approaches to biofluids collection …”

“…There are several approaches to biofluids collection. 45 Chromatographic analysis is most commonly used to detect biomarkers of OP poisoning. These methods have specific strengths and weaknesses in the detection of nerve agent molecules.…”

Uncovering the Sweat Biofouling Components and Distributions in Electrochemical Sensors

“…The pronounced increase in attention to the development of wearable sensors has greatly emphasized the need for a novel class of personalized medical device systems with unique modes of continuous, low-cost, and noninvasive health monitoring capability outside the hospital setting. Existing wearable sensors widely accepted in the market commonly track human body movements, heart rate, thermal state, etc. , Introducing wearable chemical sensors that allow for minimally invasive or noninvasive continuous monitoring of significant health biomarkers in biofluids, such as saliva, tears, urine, sweat, and interstitial fluid, can fill up the blank of health monitoring at the molecular level in wearable technology . Thereinto, sweat contains multiple kinds of markers about human health status such as electrolytes, metabolites, amino acids, proteins, and hormones comparable to blood and can be acquired unobtrusively and continuously, making it an ideal diagnostic biofluid for wearable chemical sensors.…”

“…), amino acids (e.g., tyrosine), vitamins (including ascorbic acid), exogenous substances (comprising alcohol, nicotine, therapeutic drugs, heavy metal ions including Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Hg 2+ ), and so on . Common sensing principles incorporate enzymatic biorecognition methods, electrical or electrochemical characterization, and optical measurement . Wearable sweat sensors can be directly worn on the human body or in contact with human skin in the form of integration into textiles, wristwatches, wristbands, headbands, patches, or tattoos, causing paltry restrictions on daily activities and physical comfort.…”