Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

Bertozzi, Serena; Londero, Ambrogio P.; Seriau, Luca; Vora, Roberta Di; Cedolini, Carla; Mariuzzi, Laura

doi:10.5772/intechopen.77320

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 140 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…However, although uterine-sparing therapy with progesterone in young women was found to be promising [ 35 , 36 ], the use of hormone adjuvant therapy was not effective in endometrial cancer patients after surgical treatment [ 41 ]. This lack of response to hormone therapy differs from breast cancer, where the literature demonstrates the benefit of adjuvant hormonal therapy in reducing recurrences and improving survival [ 42 ]. This is a fascinating topic, which could be linked to the loss of expression of estrogen receptors in metastatic endometrial tissue from estrogen positive primary tumors [ 43 ] and indicating the activation of alternative oncogenic pathways.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone Replacement Therapy in Endometrial Cancer Survivors: A Meta-Analysis

Londero

Parisi

Tassi

et al. 2021

JCM

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of hormone therapy (HT) on the oncological outcomes of endometrial cancer (EC) survivors. A systematic literature review was conducted in July 2021 to identify studies detailing the effect size for the relationship between HT use in EC and oncological outcomes (survival and disease recurrence). This included studies that evaluated the different recurrence rates among women treated for EC who subsequently underwent HT and those who did not. The collected studies were evaluated for quality, heterogeneity, and publication bias, and a pooled odds ratio (OR) or hazard ratio (HR) was calculated with a confidence interval of 95% (95% CI). In total, 5291 studies were collated, and after the review process, one randomized trial and seven observational studies were included, comprising 1801 EC survivors treated with HT and 6015 controls. The time-dependent analysis could be conducted for four studies, and considering the disease-free survival, the pooled HR of 0.90 (95% CI 0.28 to 2.87) showed no significant differences. However, among Black American women treated with continuous estrogen HT, the HR was 7.58 (95% CI 1.96 to 29.31), showing a significantly increased risk of recurrence for women in this ethnic group. Considering the pooled OR of all included studies 0.63 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.83), a significantly reduced risk of recurrence was found among EC survivors treated with HT. Considering the type of HT, the most risk-reducing was combined estrogen and progestin therapy and the cyclic regimen. Although supporting evidence is based mainly upon observational studies, evidence of no increased risk or even decreased risk was generally found, apart from in Black American women where a significantly increased recurrence risk was evident. The data are rather reassuring for the short-term administration of HT to symptomatic EC survivors. Future studies with a longer follow-up are necessary to better clarify the long-term effects of HT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone Replacement Therapy in Endometrial Cancer Survivors: A Meta-Analysis

Londero

Parisi

Tassi

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…Patients were enrolled in this study after signing a written informed-consent form. The size, N, of the prospective study was calculated by using normal approximation in Z statistics [46,47], using the following equations: N = AB/(E/S) 2 (1…”

Section: Prospective Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B = (Zα + Zβ) 2 (3) E/S is the standardized effect size; for an effect size E = 0.55 and assuming that the one standard deviation of the outcome is S = 1, E/S = 0.55. Since the proportion of subjects in Group 0 (healthy) is q 0 = 0.58, the proportion of subjects in Group 1 (tumor) is q 1 = 1 − q0 = 0.42.…”

Section: Prospective Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last two decades, the clinical management of breast cancer patients has been greatly facilitated by the availability of several biomarkers with prognostic and predictive values, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) gene amplification, elevated levels of estrogen receptor (ERs) or progesterone receptor (PR) and proliferation-related genes, such as the proliferation index (Ki67), that helped stratify patients for receiving appropriate therapy and predict the likelihood of therapy response [ 1 ]. These biomarkers are the most well-established in clinical use, and their expression status in tumors is routinely evaluated [ 2 ]. Importantly, the status of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 has been correlated with the well-established five molecular subtypes of breast cancer: luminal A, luminal B, HER-2-enriched, basal like also referred to as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and normal like.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TNBCs have acquired their name due to negative expression of ER, PR and HER2. Poor prognosis and high recurrence rate have been correlated with this subtype [ 2 , 3 ]. While clinical implementation of these markers significantly improved overall survival and decreased recurrence of disease, the expression of ER and PR can still be heterogeneous, and proliferative status (Ki67) can vary widely within a single tumor [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discovery and Proof-of-Concept Study of Nuclease Activity as a Novel Biomarker for Breast Cancer Tumors

Hernandez

Araúzo-Bravo

Gerovska

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Breast cancer is one of the most common pathologies diagnosed in the clinical practice. Despite major advancements in diagnostic approaches, there is no widely accepted biomarker in the clinical practice that can diagnose breast malignancy. Confirmatory diagnosis still relies on the pathological assessment of tissue biopsies by expert pathologists. Thus, there is an unmet need for new types of biomarkers and novel platform technologies that can be easily and robustly integrated into the clinic and that can assist pathologists. Herein, we show that nuclease activity associated to malignant tumors can be used as a novel biomarker in breast cancer, which can be detected via specific degradation of nucleic acid probes. In this study we have identified a set of three chemically modified nucleic acid probes that can diagnose malignancy in biopsy samples with high accuracy (89%), sensitivity (82%) and specificity (94%). This work represents a breakthrough for the potential clinical use of nuclease activity as biomarker, which can be detected via nucleic acids probes, for the clinical diagnosis of malignancy in breast tissue biopsies. This platform technology could be readily implemented into the clinic as adjunct to histopathological diagnostic.

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