Biomarkers in Metabolic Syndrome

Abstract

Nowadays, biomarkers are useful in the early detection and risk stratification of metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients. Studies confirmed the implication of adipokines, neuropeptides, inflammatory cytokines, prothrombotic factors, and others in MetS pathogenesis. Leptin:adiponectin ratio is useful in predicting insulin resistance and MetS severity; leptin is correlated with obesity and waist size and adiponectin is inversely related with MetS components. Ghrelin is inversely correlated with MetS components, and studies confirmed its role in MetS prediction. Regarding the pro-inflammatory cytokines, studies confirmed that interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha are positively correlated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, fasting glucose levels, insulin resistance, and in postmenopausal women with central obesity. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels could be implicated in insulin resistance. Recent studies also confirmed that novel biomarkers such as pentraxin-3 are positively correlated with MetS severity and the presence of vascular lesions, and it could bring new data on the MetS mechanism. Within this chapter, we review data on the contribution of biomarkers as well as on the stratification of MetS patients, discussing their key contribution for creating a risk assessment algorithm.

Enteropathy Markers in Early Life Were Associated with Adipokine, Apolipoprotein, and Cytokine Profiles Consistent with an Adverse Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Profile Later in Childhood in a Peruvian Birth Cohort

“…Proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) are directly associated with the risk of MetS, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines-IL-10, ghrelin, and antioxidant factors (paraoxonase 1 [PON1])-are correlated inversely with components of the cluster. 19,[22][23][24][25] Several of these associations have been observed in school children and adolescents as well as adults, 26,27 and mirror comparable associations with early-childhood growth observed in a Peruvian cohort and elsewhere. 28,29 It is therefore possible to explore hypotheses about the early etiology of MetS using markers like these as surrogates, although there have been few published examples of this to date.…”

Benefit of Adiponectin And Leptin For Monitoring Exercise Effect On Adipose Function In Metabolic Syndrome

“…Leptin adalah sebuah hormon polipeptida (16 kDa) 11 167-asam amino turunan adiposit dari gen ob, 12 disintesis dan disekresikan sebagian besar oleh jaringan adiposa putih, terutama dari lemak subkutan. [11][12][13] Leptin berperan sebagai sinyal massa lemak (adipositas) pada sirkulasi melalui pengikatan pada reseptor spesifik untuk mengatur (mengurangi) nafsu makan dan meningkatkan pengeluaran energi. 11,14 Adiposit mengeluarkan leptin ke aliran darah secara proporsional dengan massa lemak, sehingga kadar leptin berkorelasi dengan adipositas.…”

Higher Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein and Chemerin Concentrations Were Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Features in Pediatric Subjects with Abdominal Obesity during a Lifestyle Intervention

“…The usefulness of a biomarker could be extended to guide pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions. It is important to search for a marker with predictive relevance, which could detect cardiovascular risk in MetS early to safeguard the population from the adverse effects of these diseases in early life [6].…”