Biomarkers of Brain Injury in Cerebral Infections

Rohlwink, Ursula K.; Figaji, Anthony

doi:10.1373/clinchem.2013.212472

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…S100B has intracellular and extracellular functions, and regulates a variety of processes, including cell proliferation, activation of astrocytes during brain damage and disease, as well as promoting cancer. In humans, high levels of S100B have been associated with schizophrenia [ 44 , 45 ] and other brain-related diseases [ 46 , 47 ]. Notably, S100B was also found elevated in the brains of the minke and the bowhead whales compared to the brains of non-diving mammals (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the brain goes diving: transcriptome analysis reveals a reduced aerobic energy metabolism and increased stress proteins in the seal brain

et al. 2016

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BackgroundDuring long dives, the brain of whales and seals experiences a reduced supply of oxygen (hypoxia). The brain neurons of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) are more tolerant towards low-oxygen conditions than those of mice, and also better survive other hypoxia-related stress conditions like a reduction in glucose supply and high concentrations of lactate. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that support the hypoxia tolerance of the diving brain.ResultsHere we employed RNA-seq to approach the molecular basis of the unusual stress tolerance of the seal brain. An Illumina-generated transcriptome of the visual cortex of the hooded seal was compared with that of the ferret (Mustela putorius furo), which served as a terrestrial relative. Gene ontology analyses showed a significant enrichment of transcripts related to translation and aerobic energy production in the ferret but not in the seal brain. Clusterin, an extracellular chaperone, is the most highly expressed gene in the seal brain and fourfold higher than in the ferret or any other mammalian brain transcriptome. The largest difference was found for S100B, a calcium-binding stress protein with pleiotropic function, which was 38-fold enriched in the seal brain. Notably, significant enrichment of S100B mRNA was also found in the transcriptomes of whale brains, but not in the brains of terrestrial mammals.ConclusionComparative transcriptomics indicates a lower aerobic capacity of the seal brain, which may be interpreted as a general energy saving strategy. Elevated expression of stress-related genes, such as clusterin and S100B, possibly contributes to the remarkable hypoxia tolerance of the brain of the hooded seal. Moreover, high levels of S100B that possibly protect the brain appear to be the result of the convergent adaptation of diving mammals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2892-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the brain goes diving: transcriptome analysis reveals a reduced aerobic energy metabolism and increased stress proteins in the seal brain

et al. 2016

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“…46 In a variety of neurological disorders, significant relationships exist between markers of brain injury and/or poor clinical outcome with elevated concentrations of a neuronal injury marker-neuron-specific enolase (NSE)-and two markers of astroglial injury-S100B and glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). 47 A recent pediatric TBM study showed that compared with control groups, the blood and CSF samples of suspected TBM patients contained elevated concentrations of S100B, NSE, and GFAP over the duration of treatment, which were associated with poor outcome. 46 In those who died, inflammatory markers decreased over time while combined markers of brain injury concentrations increased.…”

Section: Neuronal Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Global Neurological Burden of Tuberculosis

et al. 2018

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Central nervous system (CNS) involvement of tuberculosis (TB) is the most severe manifestation of TB and accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of all extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) cases and approximately 1% of all TB cases. TB meningitis (TBM) is the most common form of CNS TB, though other forms occur, often in conjunction with TBM, including intracranial tuberculomas, tuberculous brain abscesses, and spinal tubercular arachnoiditis. CNS TB often presents with nonspecific clinical features that mimic symptoms of other neurological conditions, often making diagnosis difficult. Defining neuroimaging characteristics of TBM include thick basal meningeal enhancement, hydrocephalus, and parenchymal infarctions most commonly involving the basal ganglia and internal capsule. Traditional cerebrospinal fluid sample analysis frequently requires lengthy times-to-result and have low sensitivity. Given the pitfalls of conventional CNS TB diagnostic methods, various molecular-based methods, including immunoassays and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays have emerged as alternative diagnostic tools due to their rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity. Expert panels on TBM have recently emphasized the need for standard research procedures with updated case definitions and standardized study methods, which will hopefully pave the way for more robust multicenter international studies. In this article, we review the epidemiology, diagnosis, molecular factors associated with disease presentation and outcome, and treatment of CNS TB.

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“…S100B secretion is elevated in the CSF in various neurodegenerative, inflammatory, and psychiatric disorders including AD, dementia, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemia, and brain trauma. The elevation is indicative of tissue damage or blood brain barrier disruption (Rohlwink and Figaji, 2014). In HIV infection, patients with advanced neurocognitive problems have been shown to have higher levels of CSF S100B (Pemberton and Brew, 2001).…”

Section: Csf Biomarkers For Hiv/neuroaidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers

Rahimian

2017

Progress in Neurobiology

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HIV infection often causes neurological symptoms including cognitive and motor dysfunction, which have been collectively termed HIV/neuroAIDS. Neuropsychological assessment and clinical symptoms have been the primary diagnostic criteria for HIV/neuroAIDS, even for the mild cognitive and motor disorder, the most prevalent form of HIV/neuroAIDS in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Those performance-based assessments and symptoms are generally descriptive and do not have the sensitivity and specificity to monitor the diagnosis, progression, and treatment response of the disease when compared to objective and quantitative laboratory-based biological markers, or biomarkers. In addition, effects of demographics and comorbidities such as substance abuse, psychiatric disease, nutritional deficiencies, and co-infection on HIV/neuroAIDS could be more readily determined using biomarkers than using neuropsychological assessment and clinical symptoms. Thus, there have been great efforts in identification of HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers over the past two decades. The need for reliable biomarkers of HIV/neuroAIDS is expected to increase as the HIV-infected population ages and their vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer’s disease increases. Currently, three classes of HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers are being pursued to establish objective laboratory-based definitions of HIV-associated neurologic injury: cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, blood biomarkers, and neuroimaging biomarkers. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge in the field of HIV/neuroAIDS biomarker discovery.

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Biomarkers of Brain Injury in Cerebral Infections

Cited by 31 publications

References 78 publications

When the brain goes diving: transcriptome analysis reveals a reduced aerobic energy metabolism and increased stress proteins in the seal brain

When the brain goes diving: transcriptome analysis reveals a reduced aerobic energy metabolism and increased stress proteins in the seal brain

The Global Neurological Burden of Tuberculosis

HIV/neuroAIDS biomarkers

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