Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Diseases in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid: A Review

Abstract

Due to the fact that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the most serious problem in public health, there is a need for new and efficient methods for screening and early detection. In the recent literature, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been gaining recognition as sources of many potential biomarkers of various systemic diseases, mainly because of correlation between the level of some compounds in the blood and saliva and association between the composition of saliva and health status. In this review, we summarize published findings of patients with atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and stroke in the context of clinical utility of saliva and GCF in diagnosing and assessing CVD severity. We hypothesize that substances in saliva including inflammatory markers, enzymes, or hormones might become novel contributors to the diagnosis and screening of CVDs. In particular, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis alpha (TNFα), and cortisol seem to be the most promising. However, further investigation is warranted to determine the most effective markers and methods for their analysis.

The Concentration of Pro- and Antiangiogenic Factors in Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Compared to Plasma in Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease and Type 2 Diabetes

“…It was found that periodontitis was a significant predictor of GCF miRNAs associated with CVD risk [ 27 ]. Furthermore, fluid from gingival pockets was examined as material for the evaluation of biomarkers in cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, or ischemic stroke [ 28 ]. In the pediatric population, researchers also utilized GCF as a means of identifying interleukin-1α (IL-1α) as a novel non-invasive marker for the detection of external inflammatory root resorption, which can occur following dental trauma [ 29 ].…”