“…Up to now, however, most of the biomarkers have been developed using M. edulis as the sentinel species. In the case of A. ater, most of the stress biomarkers have been focused on cellular (phagocytosis, apoptosis, oxygen consumption, oxidative damage, ammonia excretion, and lipid radicals) or enzymatic (acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) activities [14,33,38,51,52]. Our knowledge of its immune functions also remains limited.…”