Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Chang, Cindy M.; Rostron, Brian L.; Corey, Catherine; Kimmel, Heather L.; Sosnoff, Connie S.; Goniewicz, Maciej Ł.; Edwards, Kathryn C.; Hatsukami, Dorothy K.; Wang, Yuesong; Valle-Pinero, Arseima Y. Del; Yang, Maocheng; Travers, Mark J.; Arnstein, Stephen; Taylor, Kristie; Conway, Kevin P.; Borek, Nicolette; Hyland, Andrew; Wang, Lanqing; Blount, Benjamin C.; Bemmel, Dana M. van

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0539

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis of existing data. Data came from wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) adult data [36][37][38]. Wave 1 of the PATH data used here were collected between 2013 and 2014.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Assari

Boyce

2021

Women

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Educational attainment is among the most substantial protective factors against cigarette smoking, including during pregnancy. Although Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) of educational attainment, defined as weaker protective effect of education for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, has been demonstrated in previous studies; such MDRs are not tested for cigarette smoking during pregnancy. To better understand the relevance of MDRs to tobacco use during pregnancy, this study had three aims: firstly, to investigate the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking in pregnant women; secondly, to compare racial and ethnic groups for the association between educational attainment and cigarette smoking; and thirdly, to explore the mediating effect of poverty status on such MDRs, among American adults during pregnancy. This cross-sectional study explored a nationally representative sample of pregnant American women (n = 338), which was taken from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH; 2013). Current smoking was the outcome. Educational attainment was the independent variable. Region and age were the covariates. Poverty status was the mediator. Race and ethnicity were the effect modifiers. Overall, a higher level of educational attainment (OR = 0.54, p < 0.05) was associated with lower odds of current smoking among pregnant women. Race (OR = 2.04, p < 0.05) and ethnicity (OR = 2.12, p < 0.05) both showed significant interactions with educational attainment on smoking, suggesting that the protective effect of educational attainment against smoking during pregnancy is smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than Non-Hispanic Whites. Poverty status fully mediated the above interactions. In the United States, highly educated pregnant Black and Hispanic women remain at higher risk of smoking cigarettes, possibly because they are more likely to live in poverty, compared to their White counterparts. The results suggest the role that labor market discrimination has in explaining lower returns of educational attainment in terms of less cigarette smoking by racial and ethnic minority pregnant women.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also limited this sample to those who reported that they were pregnant at the time of the survey. The PATH study sample was drawn with a four-stage probability sampling design [36][37][38].…”

Section: Sample and Sampling Of The Path Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Assari

Boyce

2021

Women

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“…This cross-sectional study borrowed data from the PATH-Wave 1 study (Chang et al, 2019;Hyland et al, 2017;Tourangeau, Yan, Sun, Hyland, & Stanton, 2018;Harlow, Stokes, & Brooks, 2018), a national survey of American adults sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and National…”

Section: Design and Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PATH design, sampling, sample design, and measures are described elsewhere (Chang et al, 2019;Hyland et al, 2017;Tourangeau, Yan, Sun, Hyland, & Stanton, 2018;Harlow, Stokes, & Brooks, 2018).…”

Section: Design and Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

Assari¹,

Chalian²,

Bazargan³

2020

RHS

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Background: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive PulmonaryDisease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education and income on CLDs.Purpose: Using a nationally representative sample, the current study explored racial and ethnic variation in the associations between educational attainment and income and CLDs among American adults.Methods: In this study, we analyzed data (n = 25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013 and 2014. Wave one of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health(PATH)-Adult study was used. The independent variables were educational attainment (less than high school = 1, high school graduate = 2, and college graduate = 3) and income (living out of poverty = 1, living in poverty = 0). The dependent variable was any CLDs (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma). Age, gender, employment, and region were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Logistic regressions were fitted to analyze the data.Results: Individuals with higher educational attainment and those with higher income (who lived out of poverty) had lower odds of CLDs. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with 49 Published by SCHOLINK INC. educational attainment and income, suggesting that the protective effects of high education and income on reducing odds of CLDs were smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites. Conclusions: Education and income better reduce the risk of CLDs among Whites than Hispanics andBlacks. That means we should expect disproportionately higher than expected risk of CLDs in Hispanics and Blacks with high SES. Future research should test if high levels of environmental risk factors contribute to the high risk of CLDs in high income and highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policy makers should not reduce health inequalities to SES gaps because disparities sustain across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems. 58 Published by SCHOLINK INC.Hispanic people, a rate which is disproportionate to their SES. Researchers should know that health disparities are not merely due to the additive but also multiplicative effects of race, ethnicity and SES.Real solution to racial and health disparities in CLDs is not only increasing SES of Blacks and Hispanic but also empowering them to translate their available SES resources to health outcomes. Public policies that are needed should go beyond equalizing SES and specifically address societal barriers, environmental risk factors, and structural factors that endanger the health and well-...

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“…The authors concluded that 2CYEMA is a reliable biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure, since the data indicated that 2CYEMA levels are consistent over time in cigarette smokers. In addition, data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014) showed that 2CYEMA levels in daily cigar-only smokers were comparable to those observed in daily cigarette-only smokers [ 15 ]. Another study examined the effect of concurrent use of combusted tobacco products and cannabis [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of acrylonitrile exposure in the United States based on urinary n-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-l-cysteine (2CYEMA): NHANES 2011–2016

Jesús

Zhang

Bhandari

et al. 2021

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background: Acrylonitrile is a possible human carcinogen that is used in polymers and formed in tobacco smoke. We assessed acrylonitrile exposure in the US population by measuring its urinary metabolites N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine (2CYEMA) and N-acetyl-S-(1-cyano-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (1CYHEMA) in participants from the 2011–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Objective: To assessed acrylonitrile exposure using population-based biomonitoring data of the US civilian, non-institutionalized population. Methods: Laboratory data for 8,057 participants were reported for 2CYEMA and 1CYHEMA using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry. Exclusive tobacco smokers were distinguished from non-users using a combination of self-reporting and serum cotinine data. We used multiple linear regression models to fit 2CYEMA concentrations with sex, age, race/Hispanic origin, and tobacco user group as predictor variables. Results: The median 2CYEMA level was higher for exclusive cigarette smokers (145 μg/g creatinine) than for non-users (1.38 μg/g creatinine). Compared to unexposed individuals (serum cotinine ≤ 0.015 ng/ml) and controlling for confounders, presumptive second-hand tobacco smoke exposure (serum cotinine > 0.015 – ≤ 10 ng/ml and 0 cigarettes per day, CPD) was significantly associated with 36% higher 2CYEMA levels ( p <0.0001). Smoking 1–10 CPD was significantly associated with 6,720% higher 2CYEMA levels ( p <0.0001). Significance: We show that tobacco smoke is an important source of acrylonitrile exposure in the US population and provide important biomonitoring data on acrylonitrile exposure.

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Biomarkers of Exposure among U.S. Adult Cigar Smokers: Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)

Cited by 34 publications

References 34 publications

Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Social Determinants of Cigarette Smoking among American Women during Pregnancy

Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.

Characterization of acrylonitrile exposure in the United States based on urinary n-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-l-cysteine (2CYEMA): NHANES 2011–2016

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